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Table of contents
- Pelotas events in Pelotas, Brazil
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- Cohort Profile: The 2004 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort Study
- Introduction
The first is the comparison of maternal and child health indicators with those from the cohort to assess time trends. These comparisons were initially published as a supplement to the Brazilian journal Reports in Public Health. Overall, there was substantial progress between and , in terms of family socioeconomic status, maternal education, water supply and sanitation. The mothers were on average 2.
There was a slight increase in low birthweight from 9. Important social inequalities were observed for nearly all indicators in both cohorts. For example, children from the poorest socioeconomic level were 6. The second set of studies addressed issues related to maternal and child health issues within the cohort. These include studies on the following topics:. The association between parental smoking and infant outcomes, with the interesting finding that paternal—as well as maternal—smoking was associated with shorter breastfeeding duration.
The inverse association between breastfeeding duration and use of medicines in the first year of life. The lack of association between pacifier use and psychomotor development, in contrast to a clear association between breastfeeding and development. The association between cesarean sections and early interruption of breastfeeding, although there was no association with its mean duration.
The role of poverty in contributing to hospital admissions due to pneumonia. The very strong protection afforded by breastfeeding against such admissions. The inverse association between newborn anthropometry birth length and ponderal index and indicators of morbidity and mortality in the first years of life.
Pelotas events in Pelotas, Brazil
Wheezing at 4 years of life and its association with bronchiolitis admissions in infancy. The lack of association between breastfeeding history and overweight or obesity at 4 years. The epidemiology of childhood injuries and associated risk factors, particularly male sex and day care attendance.
The higher risk of mortality, morbidity and undernutrition for black children compared with whites even after adjustment for socioeconomic indicators.
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Social and biological factors associated with the occurrence of acute respiratory infection and otitis media up to the age of 6 months. Two other studies were published at this time that used a combination of results from the epidemiological and ethnographic studies. A similar combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was used to understand why many women from different social classes prefer caesarean sections to normal delivery, and how this preference affects the final decision on the type of delivery and contributes to the major epidemic of caesarean sections in our country.
The most recent publications from the cohort are focused on risk factors for chronic disease measured in adolescence. Our main findings were:. Birthweight and weight gain in the first 6 months of life were directly associated with height and lean mass at 9 years, while weight gain after infancy tended to be associated with fat mass deposition.
Also at 9 years of age, fluctuating asymmetry was associated with rapid weight gain in infancy but not with fetal growth. Variables that—according to the literature—are associated with increased with later risk of chronic diseases low birth weight and rapid weight gain in childhood are not associated with low levels of physical activity in adolescence, suggesting that a sedentary lifestyle is not a pathway through which such variables affect adult health.
Cohort Profile: The 2004 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort Study
At the age of 11 years, only 3. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and low family income were risk factors for experimentation. Blood pressure levels in adolescence were positively associated with birth length, but not with birth weight. At 11 years, The main strengths of the cohort include its population base and the low rate of attrition, with The cohort includes all social classes represented in the city, thus allowing detailed investigation of social inequalities.
It also allows the study of time trends in child, adolescent and adult health through the comparison with the previous 1 and subsequent 37 birth cohorts, that used similar methodologies. Another positive point is its multi-disciplinary scope, epidemiology, statistics, paediatrics and clinical medicine, anthropology, dentistry, psychology, exercise physiology and nutrition.
Finally, although early growth is increasingly shown to be important for later health in all populations, study findings are often inconsistent between cohorts from high-income countries, compared with those from low or middle-income countries. Therefore, cohort studies from industrialized countries may not offer an appropriate evidence base for global public health policies.
Our main drawbacks were related to a lack of continuous funding to allow for more frequent visits to the whole cohort. There were only seven main visits not including sub-studies in an year period, and only two of these—at birth and at 11 years of age—attempted to examine the whole cohort. Information on important variables, such as breastfeeding duration and anthropometry in infancy and childhood, are available only for a sub-sample of subjects.
Therefore, low statistical power may be an issue in some of the analyses. We welcome joint analyses of the cohort data.
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In our experience, there are limits to collaboration at a distance that often requires substantial involvement of our own staff. We much prefer investigators from other institutions to spend some time in Pelotas, and help build local capacity in the process. This has been particularly successful with doctoral or post-doctoral fellows. For interested young researchers from Latin America, we launched a Wellcome-Trust sponsored post-graduate programme in Life Course Epidemiology in which has so far trained nine MSc and two PhD students from the region, who receive full scholarships to work in our cohorts.
Google Scholar. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Sign In or Create an Account. Sign In. Advanced Search. Search Menu. Skip Nav Destination Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Article Contents How did the study come about?
What does the study cover? Who is in the sample? How often have they been followed up, and what was attrition like?
Introduction
What has been measured? What has it found? What are the main strengths and weaknesses? Can I get hold of the data? Where can I find more? Article Navigation. Pelotas, RS, —, Brazil. E-mail: cvictora terra. Oxford Academic. Pedro C Hallal. Ana MB Menezes. Jonathan CK Wells. Fernando C Barros. Select Format Select format. Permissions Icon Permissions. How did the study come about? Table 1 Number of eligible subjects and losses to follow-up for each visit of the Pelotas Brazil birth cohort study.
Number of eligible subjects. Open in new tab. Table 2 Follow-up rates according to key baseline characteristics. Original cohort N. Percentage Located a. Table 3 Variables collected in the main follow-up visits of the Pelotas Brazil birth cohort study. Main variables collected.
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Google Scholar Crossref. Search ADS. Linking public issues with private troubles: panel studies in developing countries. Google Scholar PubMed. Evidence for protection by breast-feeding against infant deaths from infectious diseases in Brazil. Explaining trends in inequities: evidence from Brazilian child health studies. E-mail: aemaehler ea. Miguel Lupi Street, 20, zip code: , Lisbon, Portugal. E-mail: ccurado iseg. E-mail: eapedrozo ea. E-mail: j. The article analyzes how innovation generation occurs in subsidiaries of Brazilian multinational corporations acting in Portugal, specifically the role of customers in the process and the knowledge dynamics.
A multiple case study approach was conducted in four subsidiaries operating in the Portuguese market for at least one year.