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High-backed duho [3] Pre? William O. Am, Eight of the nine British Museum carvings were 3D laser scanned to produce high resolution 3D digital models. Courtesy, The Trustees of the British Museum. It was dependent on the condition et al. This approach explicitly addressed dertaken on two of the carvings [8, 9] as part of routine in-house the issues of in-built wood age, as well as providing an indication of quality control procedures e hence providing a total of 19 de- the age of trees being selected for carving.

Wood sample size for 14C and tuned the chronological resolution on selected carvings isotope analysis ranged from 10 to 50 mg each, with generally Ostapkowicz et al. Wherever possible, analysis [6. As metabolically active elements of the tree minimise disturbance.

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Tans et al. All samples except for the Hispa- samples for each carving. Impressions left by different woodworking tools not to scale , all Guaiacum sp. Therefore, the interpretations of provenance here are only step. The Hispaniola high-back duho [3] underwent a similar initial indications based on the current available reference stron- treatment but without the initial solvent wash sequence, and with tium isotope values.

The samples were then freeze-dried before Modern and archaeological wood samples were prepared for being combusted, graphitised and dated as described by Brock et al. Instead, care was taken to sample resin away from exposed surfaces that may have been subject to 3. Results conservation treatment. Samples of approximately 3 mg were com- busted directly, with the resultant CO2 distilled cryogenically and The 19 radiocarbon results from the artefacts in the British graphitised prior to AMS dating as described by Brock et al.

All 14C determinations were calibrated using IntCal09 prior to Resin samples for characterisation by gas chroma- Reimer et al. For ease of reference, all bracketed numbers in the identify the resin, and also to check for any obvious modern con- text [1e9] cross-reference with the tables, where more detailed taminants e. Samples of ca. Two samples had auto- agitation. The sample extracts were decanted, dried under a stream duplicate dates [8.

Procedural blanks were prepared alongside the samples to monitor The results establish a chronological framework for the carvings, for background contamination. The radiocarbon results fall between ca.


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The 87 purge time of 0. Eight tion gap was used. The MS interface temperature was Ostapkowicz et al. Mass spectral data were interpreted composition of pentacyclic oleanane and ursane triterpenoid manually with the aid of the NIST Mass Spectral Library and compounds characteristic of resins from plants in the Burseraceae comparison with published data Bandaranayake, ; van der family Pernet, , possibly Protium or Bursera sp.

Stacey et al. Note that there is a seeming discrepancy already damaged areas to minimise impact. Strontium isotope values are related to the undergoing further investigation. Dates BP and calibrations at All dates are calibrated using the IntCal09 dataset Reimer et al. Guaiacum sp.

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L foot e OxA R foot e OxA R foot e pith OxA Table 3 The results of seven of the nine Caribbean carvings in the British Museum collections selected for strontium isotope analysis. Lab no. Discussion with the Eleuthera duho, particularly if the earlier of the two dated humans is subject to a marine reservoir effect, as suggested by its Taking their If the duho is from the island i. By the time relevance early in the history of Eleuthera settlement.

And if their of European contact , large-scale cacicazgos chiefdoms status as elite accoutrements can be inferred e as was the case in dominated the larger islands, with paramount caciques chiefs the Greater Antilles, from whence migrants travelled Keegan, taking control of local and regional resources and maintaining both 28; Berman, e e the Lucayans were maintaining inter- and intra-island networks for access to valuable commodities some of the social mores of their ancestral homelands through their e.

A uniquely Caribbean use. The Eleuthera value may be incorporated below where appropriate. Bahamas ca. AD e island, or, alternatively, from one of the coastal areas with a similar geology on the larger islands to the south e.

Among the earliest Caribbean carvings in the BM collections is If, however, its value is accepted, then the carving may have orig- the duho recovered from Eleuthera, Bahamas [1] Fig. A slightly earlier result Ostapkowicz, Hispaniola ca. AD e and together, these results indicate that the duho as a category both high and low-backed was well established in the northern There are potentially three Hispaniolan carvings in the BM Caribbean by, or shortly after, AD This is an elaborate early result , providing calibrated ranges of AD e and AD cohoba stand featuring the unique combination of a bird possibly e Schaffer et al.

Low-backed duho, Guaiacum sp. L: mm; W: mm; H: mm max. The duho bears an inscription on its ventral surface, recounting the history of its discovery in by James Thompson, and its later purchase by Theophilus Pugh, a Wesleyan Missionary working in the Bahamas in Cohoba stand, Carapa sp. H: mm; W: mm max ; D: mm. The carving depicts a bird, possibly a pelican, perched atop a turtle. The column that emerges from the back of the bird originally had a circular platform which held the cohoba narcotic during the eponymous ceremony. AD e; see discussion in Ostapkowicz et al.

Generally, bird iconography on cohoba paraphernalia occurs from the Virgin Islands north to Cuba, but it is particularly evident in the Dominican Republic.

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In contrast, seven measurements on plants, snails and rodents from the Dominican Republic average 0. High-backed duho, Guaiacum sp. In conjunction with the [3]. L: mm; W: mm max. The degree to which the duho has been recon- archival information noted above, however, a convincing case can structed during its long history of display does warrant caution with the date achieved.

Given that it matched this and other early cronista descriptions so well, many have considered it a 15e16th century carving, possibly even one of the fourteen duhos gifted by cacica chieftess Anacaona to Bartolome Colon in Kerchache, b: But William O. Oldman, the previous owner of the duho and a major English col- lector of ethnographic materials in the mids, claimed that it was found in a Hispaniolan cave Oldman, Additionally, once the varnish was removed the surface was consolidated with addi- tions of conifer resin, plant oil and shellac, among other materials Stacey and Higgitt, These two factors would cast doubt on Fig.

Isabella, Dominican whether the current dark colouring is original to the duho. Republic [4]. L: mm; W: ca. Both feature time of application. Hence, if this were the case, the duho may be naturally rendered though unnaturally positioned limbs extend- even older than its date of AD e It has a well- , with the resin falling slightly later at e, suggestive of documented history stretching back to , when General a single phase of manufacture Ostapkowicz et al. Melfort Campbell appears to have had it duho discussed above [3], these carvings provide a clear indication in his possession for a few years before presenting it to the of the diversity of Hispaniolan duho styles during the 14th century.

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These aspects converge to support a Jamaican provenance for this small carving. Plot showing the combined wood and resin dates from the extended duho now because they were found together, suggesting a collective history in the collections of the St Louis Art Museum acc. The two wood dates are successfully combined in OxCal sculptures, each carved from large tree sections, with two incor- to AD e Their sizes facilitated an investigation of the issue of wood age, using multiple 14C de- 4.

Jamaican carvings AD e terminations to estimate the growth rates of the selected trees Brock et al. The results are Carpenters Mountains, southern Jamaica Joyce, ; Handler, provided in Table 2 [6e8], and reveal a deeper and more complex ; Oliver et al. Thus, although they were found together as a group, a mini- earlier: on 20 May , James Theobald, Esq.

H: mm on stand ; W: mm max ; D: 56 mm. H: mm; W: mm; D: mm.

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Cohoba stand, Guaiacum sp. The high degree of overlap be- longevity, in the sense of their apparent curation and re-use by tween the pith and terminus dates for both carvings is notable, subsequent generations. In dates are consistently younger than the sapwood dates. Taking the end of the Thus, even if it is It is important to acknowledge here the possibility of carvers assumed that the wood chosen for the carving was from a slow selecting previously felled, seasoned wood, which would impact on growing species, it would not be possible to predict whether a me- our understanding of manufacture dates, and on the notion of dium to large specimen would be decades or centuries old, as large renewal.

However, it seems more probable that recently felled size does not necessarily indicate a very long growth period. Unprovenanced ca. AD e the presence of shrinkage, warping and radial cracks, indicative of post-carving changes.


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These changes are also consistent with ju- An unusual bird-headed sculpture [9] Fig. The term Caribes Spanish; with mature wood Lee Newsom, personal communication, Caribbees, English has been, in the past, applied both to the Lesser Hence, juvenile wood may well have been easier to carve as Antilles, and to the Caribs Kalinago , inhabitants of the Lesser compared to mature wood, especially with regard to a dense taxon Antilles e and there is the possibility that the carving comes from like Guaiacum Lee Newsom, pers com.

However, this 19th century attribution should not be Jeronimidis, ; Haygreen and Bowyer, ; Hoardley, Further, too little is currently known of vidual Guaiacum sp. The head stylistically to the region. This is broadly [7. This Barbuda 0. Bird head, Guaiacum sp. H: 65 mm; W: mm; D: mm.