The key challenges facing the Central African Republic include the country's history of Normal in CAR is not defined by the provision of basic services and the independence, France manipulated or facilitated changes in executive office. to and from Bangui, as did rebels from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Table of contents
- Central African Republic - Wikipedia
- Central African Republic Country Report 2020
- Lo sentimos, pero esta página no está disponible por el momento
These accounts are consistent with information from humanitarian organisations which told ASP that the male survivors they see have typically been anally raped with a penis or with objects such as sticks or guns.
Incidents of gang rape have been documented, as have incidents in which males have been forced to engage in oral sex with and touch the genitals of other males: according to one human rights expert, this may be a deliberate tactic to increase the sense of shame of victims by making it appear that they have engaged in a homosexual act.
This is particularly stigmatising in CAR where homophobic attitudes are widespread. ASP also compiled information from secondary sources involving cases of forced nudity, forced masturbation and of incidents in which men had their genitals beaten, mutilated and cut off, as well as other forms of harm including incidents in which women and girls were the primary victims of sexual violence but their male relatives were forced to witness the attacks.
In some cases, these crimes appear to have been motivated by the intent to punish male relatives. There are signs that cases involving male victims are beginning to be documented more proactively by UN human rights experts and that humanitarian stakeholders are looking more closely at how to ensure greater gender inclusivity in their responses.
Nevertheless, ASP is concerned by an apparent working assumption among some stakeholders, including human rights, gender, and child protection experts and humanitarian service providers, that sexual violence is an issue that affects only women and girls. This type of rigid gender stereotyping has resulted in a situation in CAR where human rights stakeholders have not always been proactive in investigating incidents involving males and where humanitarian workers and other service providers are often poorly equipped to identify and respond to men and boys as victims.
Even where data on sexual violence against males has been gathered, it has not been systematically shared with all relevant stakeholders and is not consistently used to inform the design of sexual violence prevention and response strategies.
- CoinEx Celebrates Third Anniversary With Overall System and Product Upgrade | www.pelletpont.hu;
- hookup apps near Changzhi China.
- Spectrum of female commercial sex work in Bangui, Central African Republic;
- U.S. Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2005 - Central African Republic.
- speed dating city Craiova Romania;
- The Central African Republic Opens for Business | Centurion Law Group;
Similar biases also permeate CAR society. Key informants and participants in focus group discussions expressed attitudes towards sexual violence against males that varied between lack of awareness, dismissal, denial and confusion. Approximately three-quarters of focus group participants said that it is regarded as a taboo subject that cannot be discussed. Some expressed the belief that sexual violence against males did not occur in their communities. Faced with such attitudes, it is thought that many male survivors choose silence over the risk of rejection by their families and communities.
Even if they do disclose what has happened to them or seek assistance, there is little support in place for male survivors. With only very limited public services available, much of the work to respond to sexual violence is done by international humanitarian organisations. However, many aid workers to whom ASP spoke acknowledged that there is a lack of attention to men and boys in humanitarian programming.
Although ASP found positive examples where individual agencies were successfully integrating men and boys into programme design and implementation, this did not represent a systematic or co-ordinated approach across the humanitarian community. Generally, ASP found that levels of expertise on sexual violence against males among humanitarian service providers were low and that most organisations do not provide detailed training to staff on how to recognise and respond to sexual violence against males.
Inevitably, this lack of expertise translates into the way in which programmes are rolled out. At the level of awareness-raising and sensitisation in communities this means that activities focus primarily on women and girls. Communication and other materials on sexual violence including on how and where to access support often reinforce existing stereotypes of males as perpetrators and not as victims.
State-provided medical and mental health services are extremely limited and inaccessible to many survivors. It is of particular concern that some of the most vulnerable children, including boys associated with armed groups, are not screened as potential survivors of sexual violence on their release from these groups. Despite the bleak picture, there are immediate opportunities to strengthen responses including via the planned National Strategy for Fighting Violence Based on Gender in the Central African Republic This three-year strategy, which is in the process of being finalised, should provide the policy framework for all interventions to prevent and respond to gender-based violence, including sexual violence, and set out actions needed for better co-ordination and integration of responses between the national authorities, UN and non-governmental stakeholders including in the areas of data gathering, service provision, community awareness and engagement, and institutional capacity-building and training.
If the National Strategy is to be fully effective, the vulnerabilities of males must be explicitly recognised and gender-specific responses included, neither of which featured in the draft seen by ASP. The National Strategy also includes actions aimed at strengthening access to justice for victims of sexual violence, which is currently effectively non-existent for victims whether male or female.
In relation to accountability, two recent developments give some cause for optimism, specifically the establishment of a Special Criminal Court SCC to investigate serious crimes under international human rights and humanitarian law, and the setting up of a specialised police unit, the Joint Unit for Rapid Intervention and Eradication of Sexual Violence against Women and Children UMIRR to investigate crimes of sexual violence.
Both are at an early stage and face significant challenges but nevertheless offer some prospect of justice to victims and present opportunities for building in a response to sexual violence against males as part of their broader work. To contribute to these and other actions aimed at preventing and responding to sexual violence against men and boys, ASP offers the following summary recommendations:.
Download the full report. Contents Download Share. Overview Highlights Report. Full Report. Copy link Facebook Twitter LinkedIn. In Basse-Kotto prefecture, ASP recorded a possible 41 cases in which adult males were subjected to sexual violence by non-state armed groups. Approximately three-quarters of study participants said sexual violence against males is regarded as a taboo subject that cannot be discussed. Sexual violence against men and boys must be integrated into national and international strategies to prevent and respond to sexual violence.
To contribute to these and other actions aimed at preventing and responding to sexual violence against men and boys, ASP offers the following summary recommendations: Non-state armed groups and other armed actors must immediately cease direct attacks on civilians and indiscriminate attacks. They must issue clear, public orders to their forces to stop all sexual violence and co-operate with investigations and prosecutions for sexual violence by troops under their command by national and international authorities. The issue of sexual violence against men and boys should be integrated into all government, UN and NGO strategies on preventing and responding to sexual violence.
Resources should be dedicated to training and strengthening capacity taking into account the specific needs of male survivors. The process of finalising the National Strategy for Fighting Violence Based on Gender in the Central African Republic provides an immediate opportunity to ensure that strategies and responses are gender-inclusive.
All other relevant strategies, plans and standard operating procedures should also be urgently reviewed to ensure gender inclusivity and at the same time specificity of the response. Funding appeals should likewise be revised to reflect any additional resources needed to ensure that programming and the provision of services for male survivors is not to the detriment of women and girls who have suffered sexual or other forms of gender-based violence. Abject widespread poverty is characteristic of CAR.
In , Urban inhabitants, and particularly those in Bangui, have historically been better off than people in the countryside. Concessionary politics creates massive inequality between those with formal relations to the state and those without see Prosecution of Office Abuse above. No recent statistics are available to show the devastation of the recent crisis on enrollment rates, as many schools were looted, destroyed closed or used as shelters for internally displaced people or even as headquarters for rebel groups in remote areas.
Central African Republic - Wikipedia
Since then, the non-monetary economy has only grown, as hunting, foraging and subsistence farming remain primary livelihood types. The urban centers, in particular Bangui, have seen a rise in market-based competition all due to the continued influx of international organizations. The few new private companies that started business during the review period all cater to the international clients, in particular, real estate and restaurants.
In addition, the country has substantial mineral resources such as diamonds, gold and uranium, iron and copper. In partnership with the IMF, the then-government resumed fiscal reforms that had been interrupted by the coup and the ensuing conflict. According to the Doing Business report, it takes 10 procedures, 22 days and costs of But there is no formal national authority or merger control regulation.
In CAR, competition regulations are difficult to enforce, and the formation of monopolies and oligopolies is only occasionally regulated. This is particularly visible in some areas of the service sector telecommunications, banking. But monopolistic distortions of the market are certainly not rated particularly important by the government or the local donor community, as few investors show an interest and some essential goods are not provided at all.
Freedom of trade further declined with the onset of the latest episode of violence. The difficult state of road infrastructure together with insecurity along the main supply road from Cameroon, render the costs of foreign trade relatively expensive. The government traditionally tried to generate income through tariff revenues, but this has proved challenging. With the majority of the country under the control of rebel groups, such policies are not implemented and security cannot be guaranteed.
Parallel to its selective integration into the world market, CAR is and has been well-integrated into the global, shadow markets for small arms, poached animals and animal products ivory, horns and gold and diamonds, despite various embargoes. Rebel groups easily cross the border with stolen goods. Herders, many of whom come well-armed from Chad and Sudan, are often accused of smuggling illegal products out of the country either unilaterally or in collusion with various rebel groups.
This further complicates attempts at reconciliation between various ethnic and religious groups. Solid actual information on the banking sector is hardly available in the public domain. The most recent information lists four commercial banks, two savings banks and two micro-finance institutions. Theoretically, the supervision of the banking sector is well regulated in the framework of the CEMAC institutions. Statistical data confirms the rather weak performance of the banking sector: Non-performing loans were The same year, the capital to assets ratio stood at The BEAC took measures to support structural adjustments in its member countries, after global oil prices plunged in to , leading to a sharp rise in statutory advances and a rapid drawdown of foreign-exchange reserves.
In , the BEAC tightened its monetary policy to 3. The fiscal balance improved to an estimated surplus of 1. The current account deficit improved to an estimated 8. The effective real exchange rate was Public finances remain in deficit as ongoing instability continues to constrain fiscal performance. In , parliament failed to approve increases in taxes on forestry and diamond exports.
The implementation of other tax measures has been delayed. The government has started to repay arrears to small and medium-sized enterprises and has reduced domestic arrears to pension funds. Arrears on external debt service accumulated toward the end of , but these are under negotiation and may be partly cancelled — as has occurred several times before.
Central African Republic Country Report 2020
Overall, the fiscal deficit is expected to decrease from an estimated 2. Private property in urban areas is guaranteed on paper but cannot be safeguarded because the rule of law is so weak.
Outside of urban areas, the government owns all land, although customary rights to usage are common. However, this is hardly the most pressing problem when it comes to private property. The most essential property rights were harmed by the catastrophic events in — , as the government was unable to protect its citizens or their assets during or after the last conflict. According to Office of Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, in late , 2. At the end of , the number of Central African refugees had grown to , from , in March , while the number of internally displaced persons had grown to , compared to , in October The few returnees come back to find their homes occupied and have no recourse to recover them.
This is especially the case with the Muslim land and property owners. International NGOs, such as the Norwegian Refugee Council, have developed programs to aid returnees in advocating for their rights to regain their properties. However, private enterprise activities have improved during the period under review.
Services continue to recover and to rebuild infrastructure destroyed in the civil war, albeit slowly. Although the presence of an elected government helps to unlock donor funding and support a modest rise in private and public consumption, security conditions deteriorated in and remained persistently poor in The business environment remains risky and state and economic institutions are fragile. Legal safeguards are also deficient.
The year was also marked by the emergence of some Russian companies that mostly operate under local legal status Lobaye Invest. Shadow economies remain significantly more lucrative than the formal private sector. In comparison to some neighboring countries, the government has never been a particularly vigorous economic actor and does not compete with private companies.
Average life expectancy at birth has steadily grown to This is lower than in all neighboring countries. But the death toll from malaria quadrupled between and , according to the WHO. Health care infrastructure is particularly rudimentary with 0.
Lo sentimos, pero esta página no está disponible por el momento
Formalized traditional and self-help mechanisms are very weak in CAR, given the lack of social capital within and between social groups due to repeating cycles of crisis. These weak systems were further weakened during the recent crisis see Social Capital above. Church organizations remain the strongest social safety net in CAR today, as they care for the elderly, provide education, health care and encourage entrepreneurial activities.