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The IELTS Indicator is accepted by a growing number of universities to help you continue your education dreams during the Covid situation. Read more. Adana km. The sizes of the PCR products obtained were compared with those previously published by Vilanova et al. Primers designed from conserved coding regions flanking the second intron yielded two fragments ranging from to bp, except in the cases of 17 cultivars where only one fragment was amplified Fig. Four cultivars did not show PCR products at all. Numbers refer to cultivars shown in Table 1.
For nine Turkish cultivars Alyanak, Artvin P. The allele S 7 occurred in eight cultivars Agerik, Artvin P. Determination of the sizes of the first intron region would be required to distinguish between these alleles. The identity of this allele was further supported by using a control cultivar, Mari de Cenad S C S Its S 11 -allele is derived from the apricot parent, but the other allele differs from all apricot alleles and must have originated from the plum P. The novelty of these alleles must be verified by DNA sequencing.
To support the S -genotype determinations, precise first intron lengths were also determined for all cultivars using fluorescently labeled primers and automated sizing of the first intron regions. Based on the second intron region analysis, 18 cultivars remained undistinguished with regard to their S 9 - or S 20 -alleles.
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However, the first intron sizes of these two alleles differ from each other: S 9 is characterized by a fragment of bp, while the size of S 20 is bp. Determination of the precise fragment sizes revealed that all 18 cultivars carried the S 9 -allele, and two of them Cekirge 52 and X3 Zerdali also harbored the S 20 -allele. In the study of Vilanova et al.
Two peaks were observed for 51 accessions, while four cultivars Canakkale, Ethembey, Mektep, and Pasa Mismisi had only one fragment of bp. These four cultivars were also similar in that they did not give amplification in the second intron region. The bp fragment was also present in 14 other cultivars. To confirm that no other unidentified alleles could give rise to a fragment with a first intron region size identical to S C and S 8 , a specific primer AprSC8 was designed to anneal exclusively within the second intron region of the S C - and S 8 - RNase alleles.
Numbers 1 through 50 refer to cultivars shown in Table 1. The S 8 - and S C -haplotypes differ only in the SFB gene in that an insertion of bp can be found in the SFB C , resulting in a truncated protein and the consequent breakdown of self-incompatibility. Additionally, the primer worked as a codominant marker because homo- and heterozygotes could be unequivocally differentiated. Three cultivars shared the S C S 8 -genotype Ethembey, Mektep, and Pasa Mismisi as demonstrated by two fragments of appropriate sizes in the agarose gel Fig. Finally, we determined complete S -genotypes of 51 cultivars and partial S -genotypes of four cultivars by combining the results obtained in two rounds of PCR Table 1.
Twelve previously described S -alleles were identified among the Turkish cultivars. While the S -genotypes of many North American and European apricot cultivars are known, this is the first study to examine S -genotype diversity of apricots native to Turkey, the leading apricot producer in the world. As such, this information can be used directly by producers in making correct selections of pollination partners in new orchard plantings, as well as by researchers interested in clarification of the evolutionary history of this crop. Complete S -genotypes were given for 51 apricot cultivars.
For four others, only partial S -genotypes could be determined. A total of 32 different S -genotypes were assigned to the 51 cultivars with complete S -genotypes. In other SI Prunus species, more groups have been described; currently, 22, 36, and 19 groups are known for almond [ Prunus dulcis Mill.
Webb], sweet cherry Prunus avium L. Another 12 cultivars demonstrated unique incompatible genotypes, which can be used as universal pollen donors because they are mutually compatible with all 14 cross-incompatibility groups.
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Among the 55 cultivars, only seven self-compatible genotypes were determined. However, these cultivars do not carry the S C -haplotype. If the self-fruitful phenotype of these cultivars and the identity of plant materials can be confirmed, mutation would be a possibility that renders the S -locus non-functional in these genotypes. In the present study, S 11 — S 13 alleles were also detected in Turkish apricots, most frequently in those originating from the eastern part of the country, near the Turkish-Armenian border. In addition, each allele that was previously detected only in Hungarian cultivars was relatively frequent in Turkish apricots.
Even cross-incompatibility group II, encompassing the giant fruited Hungarian cultivars, expanded with the addition of the Turkish apricots Table 2. The fact that Turkish and Hungarian apricot cultivars carry 12 and five S -alleles, respectively, and all five alleles detected in Hungarian cultivars were also present in Turkish apricots furnished molecular evidence to support historical records that apricots were intensively transferred to Hungary from Turkey during the 15th and 16th centuries Faust et al.
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After the Ottoman retreat, apricot orchards were abandoned and sometimes devastated. However, apricot trees could survive these intervals from seeds or as escaped individuals. It has been shown that selection may lead to significant genetic gain in apricot Ledbetter, The imported Turkish material was likely subjected to natural and human selection pressures that resulted in some landrace cultivars being well adapted to Hungarian ecological conditions and having valuable pomological characteristics. It also explains why present-day Hungarian and Turkish apricot cultivars differ from each other in many respects.
Cross-incompatibility groups of apricot. Most of the present Hungarian cultivars were selected four or five decades ago in regions overlapping with the former Turkish estates and orchards Faust et al. For example, a Hungarian cultivar Korai piros carries the rare S 20 -allele that was also identified in two Turkish landrace cultivars.