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Analysis of Artemisia and Ambrosia pollen season characteristics revealed only two characteristics, a season start date and a day of maximum concentration with the low coefficient of variability for both taxa in all sites. Similar result, on the low coefficient of variability for the Ambrosia pollen season start, was given by Kasprzyk It could result from time during the year July, August when both taxa start their pollen seasons. Generally, the value of the coefficient of variability depends on thermal conditions that are more stable in later months of the year Myszkowska et al.
The pollen season start of early spring taxa e.
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Alnus and Corylus demonstrate the highest seasonal variability which depends on changeable thermal conditions at the beginning of the year Kasprzyk et al. The pollen seasons of Artemisia begin, most often, in the second half of July at all the studied sites. Similar results were reported by Grewling et al.
They indicated that Artemisia pollen seasons generally occurred between the middle of July and September. These findings confirmed the earlier work by Spieksma et al. Artemisia flowers in Central Europe at the end of July while in Mediterranean areas pollination occurs mainly in September. Puc noted the start of mugwort in the third decade of July, which agrees with our study. As regards the Ambrosia pollen season start, it is much more variable and dependent on site. On sites where the pollen season starts were least differentiated it could have resulted from local sources.
In contrast to the low variability found for the season start day and the day of maximum pollen concentration, the values of Ambrosia and Artemisia seasonal pollen index are the most variable season characteristics. Considering the spatial distribution of sites in Poland, statistically significant differences only occurred in the case of Artemisia pollen season start dates and duration, while Ambrosia pollen season start dates and their durations only differed significantly at three sites in southern Poland.
Differences in airborne pollen concentrations are due to variable wind directions and depend on the distance between the site of measurement and the source of emission Emberlin and Norris-Hill Furthermore, the large-scale dispersion of atmospheric constituents is controlled by synoptic-, continental-, or hemispheric- scale meteorological phenomena Sofiev et al. Pollen transport is affected by a combination of wind direction, wind speed and wind duration, assuming no major rainfall. Damialis et al.
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A similar dependence between pollen concentrations and the presence of pollinating taxa in the vicinity of the measurement site reported Arobba et al. In Szczecin high atmospheric pollen concentrations of ragweed and mugwort were recorded at the site in the vicinity of which there were numerous plants of these taxa Puc Analyses of Artemisia pollen seasons in eight sites in Poland in — revealed the clear differences in annual pollen totals among sites and years Weryszko-Chmielewska et al. Co-occurrence of pollen seasons of different taxa was reported earlier by only few papers.
The phenomenon of co-occurrence is often considered as a result from extension of pollen seasons caused by gradual global warming and then there is possibility of overlapping. Pollen seasons of species flowering in summer have become longer. The end of Poaceae, Artemisia, Urtica and Ambrosia pollen seasons has tended to appear later Wan et al.
The comparison of Artemisia and Ambrosia pollen seasonal dynamics in Cracow, Poland shows, that there is possibility of the high pollen concentration occurrence of both taxa simultaneously, in the second part of August late summer. This could be the reason for the increase in allergy symptoms resulting from a cross-reaction between allergens of both taxa Myszkowska et al. Moreover, in the case of the late summer pollinating plants Artemisia and Ambrosia , the negative correlation between pollen season start and end was found, the later pollen season starts, the earlier pollen season ends Myszkowska et al.
In aerobiological literature it is stressed that increased temperature during summer and early autumn could cause the increasing growth of Ambrosia plants, and increasing pollen production; and this phenomenon is associated often with the higher concentration of CO 2 in the air Smith et al.
Barnes et al. According to studies on phenological phases it is stated that the length of the pollen season becomes extended in plants flowering in summer Huynen et al. According to our present results, cnalysis of Artemisia pollen concentrations against a background of synoptic situation revealed that there is no clear relationship between frequency of days with high pollen concentrations in different air circulation types.
However, the relationship between high pollen concentration and air masses was sharply outlined. High pollen concentrations occurred when polar continental PPk from the east or polar maritime transformed PPms air masses from the west were over the studied sites which suggests the case of the regional transport and sporadically long-distance transport. Long distance transport LDT episodes of airborne pollen are usually irregular Smith et al. LDT episodes have been earlier identified for Ambrosia Sikoparija et al. In Budapest, Hungary, significant differences might be found in Ambrosia pollen concentrations on days with different weather types.
Most of the anticyclonic situations are favourable for pollination, and all cyclonic situations are unfavourable. Analysis of wind directions occurring the most often in Cracow showed Ambrosia pollen concentrations associated to wind blowing from easterly E and east-southeasterly ESE directions which indicated the long distance transport from the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Ukraine.
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Kasprzyk noted high airborne Ambrosia pollen concentrations recorded on days when air mass advection came from east and south east, and from south and south-west. On days with polar maritime or arctic air masses, pollen concentrations were statistically significantly lower than on days with polar continental, polar maritime warm and polar maritime transformed air masses. Hot and dry weather on the Pannonian Plain PP favours the release Ambrosia pollen during the flowering season.
The Artemisia pollen seasons most often start in the second half of July at all the sites, while Ambrosia pollen seasons starts are much more variable. Season start dates and dates of maximum concentration for Artemisia and Ambrosia show the lowestcoefficient of variability. Pollen seasons of both taxa could overlap at all the sites although not every year. High Artemisia pollen concentrations occur when polar continental PPk air masses inflow into Poland from the east or when polar maritime transformed PPms air masses come from the west. Aerobiologia — Allergy — Clin Exp Allergy — Acta Agrobot 59 1 — Google Scholar.
Acta Agrobot 64 2 — Comtois P Ragweed Ambrosia sp. Rev Fr Allergol 28 4 — Allergologia — Grana — Allergy 53 6 — Allergy 62 9 — Int J Biometeorol — Dynowska I Obieg wody Hydrogeography. In: Starkel L ed Geografia Polski. Ann Agric Environ Med — Current Allergy and Asthma Reports — Agric For Meteorol — Hansen A Ambrosia L. J Allergy Clin Immunol — Hirst JM An automatic spore trap. Ann Appl Biol — Health and Global Environmental Change, Rome.
A year study in Vienna, Austria. In Hungary Int J Biometeorol 52 5 — Nowe spojrzenie. Climate of Polish. Aerobiologia 27 3 — Preliminary study. In: Starkel L ed. Geografia Polski.
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Geography of Poland. Ann Agric Environ Med 15 1 — Puc M Ragweed pollen in the air of Szczecin. Puc Ragweed and mugwort pollen in Szczecin, Poland. Otolaryngologia Polska LXI— Environ Int — A review of the production, release, distribution and health impacts. Herbs and weeds flowering in the summer.
J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 17 1 — In Poland: threat and selected aspects of biology. Biodivers Res Conserv — Tutin TG. Flora Europea IV. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press pp 78— Am J Bot — Flowers and characteristics of Ambrosia L. Pollen seasons in the condition of Lublin Poland in the years Acta Agrobot 61 2 — In: Weryszko-Chmielewska E ed.
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Download references. The results presented here address some aspects described in the COST Action Smarter, especially in the Work Group 4 related to the Asteraceae family Artemisia , Ambrosia which intensify human health risk. Correspondence to Dorota Myszkowska. Reprints and Permissions. At the end of the post we will give some quick travel tips and talk about the dating customs in Poland as well. If you will also be trying to hook up in Krakow we covered that city as well.
Now lets talk about the best area for singles nightlife and it would be on Mazowiecka Street and along Nowy Swiat. Nowy Swiat is like the main thoroughfare through the city, think of it as the most important street in town. All along it you will find nice restaurants, cafes, shops, bars, and a few clubs.
The key point we are trying to make is that if you are on a trip and your goal is to go out and try to hook up with sexy Warsaw girls then stay near this singles nightlife area. Anywhere along Nowy Swiat will be good, but try to locate it as close to Mazowicka Street as you can if you hope to get laid. There are other clubs and singles bars around the city, but you probably will end up in that are most nights that you go out. The sexiest ladies in town will be there possibly trying to find a one night stand, why not be as close to them as possible?
This is similar to trying to meet girls in Poznan around Old Town. Well if Nowy Swiat is the main thoroughfare through the city then it will probably be a good spot for day game also. When the weather is nice they will often close the street down on weekends and only allow foot traffic.
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Another great area to meet girls in Warsaw during the day will be in Old Town, particularly near the market place. This would be the touristy area, so you can pick up women from around the world here but plenty of locals will go also. Lazienki Park can be good for day game on a sunny day. This section is really going to depend on what type of girl you want to meet. Are you looking to find the type you take home to mom? Or the type you hook up with in the bathroom for a quickie?
If you want to meet beautiful Polish women online for a serious relationship then use International Cupid. This is a great online dating site run by Cupid Media that is truly international so you can meet women from all around the world. If you just want to hook up as soon as possible for no strings attached sex use Adult Friend Finder. This adult dating network is very popular in Europe and is all about getting laid, not moving in together. For guys who are ready to start something serious speed dating on International Cupid is going to work very well, for guys who just want to get laid in Warsaw Adult Friend Finder is a great wingman.