Democratic Republic of the Congo: Marriage practices among the Luba, marriage for adult women, as well as the possibility for a person to Translated by the Translation Bureau, Public Works and Government Services Canada. de Kananga; Democratic Republic of the Congo - Ministry of the Interior.
Table of contents
- Section I. Religious Demography
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- Executive Summary
Section I. Religious Demography
On January 21, security forces forcibly disrupted protests led by the CLC and some Protestant church leaders in support of elections and implementation of the December agreement. UN observers and others stated they witnessed members of the Republican Guard and other security force members fire directly at protesters, killing at least six persons and injuring as many as In some cases, government security forces fired tear gas, rubber bullets, and live ammunition into church compounds.
Among those killed was Therese Kapangala, a year-old woman preparing to take vows as a nun. She was shot and killed outside her church in Kinshasa. The United Nations reported that persons were arbitrarily arrested across the country for participation in the demonstrations.
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- 2018 Report on International Religious Freedom: Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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During another round of CLC-organized protests on February 25, state security forces killed two individuals, including Rossy Mukendi Tshimanga, who was shot by a rubber bullet inside a church compound. Another person died in the town of Mbandaka from wounds sustained during a confrontation with an off-duty police officer. The United Nations reported that persons were arbitrarily arrested. CLC leaders were reportedly subjected to threats and harassment due to their support for implementation of the December agreement, credible elections, and peaceful protests. Catholic leaders and institutions were also threatened after Church leaders expressed concern over violence they attributed to government security forces and the Kamuina Nsapu antigovernment militia in Kasai.
Church leaders in Kasai Province said local armed groups associated with Kamuina Nsapu forced them to accept armed group control of their communities. In , members of Kamuina Nsapu vandalized and burned numerous Catholic churches, schools, and buildings. The MOJ again did not issue any final registration permits for religious groups and had not done so since , reportedly due to an internal investigation into fraudulent registration practices.
The government, however, continued its practice that groups presumed to have been approved were permitted to organize. Unregistered domestic religious groups reported they continued to operate unhindered.
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The MOJ previously estimated that more than 2, registration applications for both religious and nonreligious NGOs remained pending and that more than 3, associations with no legal authorization continued to operate. Foreign-based religious groups reported they operated without restriction after applying for legal status. Under existing law, which was under review, nonprofit organizations could operate as legal entities by default if a government ministry gave a favorable opinion of their application and the government did not object to their application for status.
According to registration statistics, the latest year for which the MOJ had statistics, there were 14, legally registered nonprofit organizations, 11, legal religious nonprofit organizations, and 1, foreign nonprofit organizations. Religious nonprofits that were legally operating and registered included Catholic, 93 Protestant, 54 Muslim, and 1, evangelical nonprofits, the latter including those belonging to the Kimbangu Church. The government continued to rely on religious organizations to provide public services such as education and health care throughout the country. According to the Ministry of Education, approximately 72 percent of primary school students and 65 percent of secondary school students attended government-funded schools administered by religious organizations.
The government paid teacher salaries at some schools run by religious groups depending on the needs of the schools and whether they were registered as schools eligible to receive government funding. Muslim community leaders again said the government did not afford them some of the same privileges as larger religious groups. The government continued to deny Muslims the opportunity to provide chaplains for Muslims in the military, police force, and hospitals, despite a complaint filed in with the president and his cabinet.
Members of the Kamuina Nsapu antigovernment militia in the Kasai region attacked and targeted Catholic Church property, schools, and clergy, according to Church sources. In Kasai, Kasai Central, and Kasai Oriental Provinces, the Catholic Church reported threats and attacks against the Church by unidentified assailants believed to be members of the Kamuina Nsapu, other armed groups, or government security forces.
DRC train derailment kills 24, mostly children, near Kananga
He was released one week later. On November 27, for example, both Muslim and Christian leaders peacefully marched in Beni expressing their support for joint offensive operations against the ADF. In Budjala in Sud Ubangi Province, Voice of America reported that on March 30, Christians burned a mosque and the home of a man who allegedly killed a Christian man he caught in a sexual relationship with his wife. They also reported three assaults during the year that they stated were due to their religious beliefs in rural areas of Wapinda, Equateur Province, Luono, Kwango Province, and Fube, Katanga Province.
In South Kivu Province, Muslims in the Katana area said they had not received funds to rebuild their mosque after it was burned down in October , despite a promise in November from the former governor of South Kivu to provide funds to rebuild the mosque. Embassy officials met regularly with government officials to discuss religious freedom issues, such as government relations with religious organizations. Embassy officials also regularly urged the government, security force leaders, and community and political leaders to refrain from violence and respect the rights of civil society, including religious groups, to assemble and express themselves freely.
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Joint Strategic Plan. Foreign Affairs Manual and Handbook. Department of State by State Map. We Are the U. Leadership The Secretary of State. Deputy Secretary of State. In the past, the goat was not given to the bride's family if the woman was not a virgin, but nowadays this is not usually practiced. It is up to the family to decide what the accessories will be, but they always include oil and salt.
The father of the woman considers whether the dowry and accessories satisfy his family wishes, and if they are insufficient, he indicates the correct amount to be added to the dowry. The couple can live together even if the dowry is incomplete, but the man has to complete its payment before the date agreed on with her parents.
After the delivery of the dowry, the celebration begins and the families get to know each other. The woman goes to live with her new husband's family for one month, after which she returns to her family only to go back to her husband's house with the provisions for their new home. Mukenge indicates in his article that the man usually has to rely on his family to pay the dowry since the cost is "too high" to pay himself Mukenge spring , The Luba use the sale of corn, the main food crop in Lubaland, to finance the purchase of livestock, usually goats and chickens, and use some of it to pay dowries ibid.
He notes that goats are "rarely" used for payment nowadays ibid. He further indicates that. The normal use of bridewealth is to obtain a wife for a family member.