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This remarkably comprehensive and rapid collaboration was possible only through advances in information and communication technology and increased Internet speed, which allowed many people to work remotely and simultaneously. The list was then edited and was released online in May Summary statistics were extracted from the database by major taxonomic group and by biome. Current species diversity and endemism totals for other megadiverse countries were obtained from recent literature and personal correspondence.

We did not find comparable endemism estimates for the groups encompassed in our study as a whole. Coverage of algae and fungi in our data set was less consistent and less comprehensive than for land plants bryophytes and vascular plants. Furthermore, the totals for all land plants were also sparsely noted in the literature; therefore, we focused further comparisons on the vascular plant data. Although our reported number of known vascular plant species is lower than that previously reported, placed in the context of other recently published national estimates table 3 , it shows Brazil as clearly the most diverse country in the world.

Its documented vascular plant diversity is greater than what might be predicted by comparison with other megadiverse countries, even allowing for Brazil's exceptionally large area figure 2. Because the number of herbarium specimens of Brazilian plants collected to date is far from sufficient to adequately represent the native plant diversity as a whole Sobral and Stehmann, and major initiatives are underway to increase the size and availability of the collections CNPq , DCBio , GPI , the total number of vascular plant species for Brazil can be expected to rise significantly over the coming years.

Of critical importance in this process is the recognition by the Brazilian government that increased taxonomic capacity to accelerate the analysis of materials in Brazilian collections is necessary to provide up-to-date scientific information on national biodiversity DCBio , p. Vascular plant species diversity and area data for 16 megadiverse countries adapted from Giam et al. Note: The species totals for Brazil are updated to reflect those reported in the present article.

A log—log plot of the numbers of vascular plant species for megadiverse countries shows that Brazil's vascular plant diversity is exceptional, even when its greater area is taken into account.

The data were log transformed to permit a meaningful comparison of diversity among countries, despite their widely differing areas. Abbreviation: km 2 , square kilometers. In the global context, Brazil has more endemic vascular plant species than any other country table 3 and now ranks eighth in the world for percentage endemism, exceeded only by countries with essentially island floras i. Given the large expanses of Brazil still awaiting detailed botanical exploration and the relatively narrow distribution of the majority of recently described species, levels of endemism in the known Brazilian vascular plant flora can be expected to rise in the coming years.

For the six biomes recognized table 1 , figure 1 , the total number of species, the total number of endemic species, and the proportion of endemism in each biome are presented in table 4 and mapped on figure 1. Species of fungi, epicontinental algae, and land plants distributed by Brazilian biomes. Note: The endemism totals for each biome do not add up to the total number of endemic species for Brazil because some Brazilian endemic species occur in more than one biome and because biome data are lacking for some species. Brazil's Atlantic forest, already recognized as one of the world's hottest hotspots Mittermeier et al.

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The Cerrado, also a hotspot Mittermeier et al. Although neither the Atlantic rainforest nor the Cerrado biomes are exclusive to Brazil see table 1 , the fact that the great majority of their extent is within Brazilian boundaries explains their large contribution of endemic species. In contrast, the Amazon extends far beyond Brazilian national boundaries, encompassing large areas of Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas, and, unsurprisingly, of the 13, species documented for the Brazilian Amazon, only are endemic to Brazil. These biome comparisons, made using species totals for all groups included in our list land plants, algae, and fungi , reflect undersampling, particularly of the latter groups; the angiosperm number for the Brazilian Amazon 11, species is more comparable to that for the Atlantic rainforest 13, Furthermore, the Amazon is known to have a relatively low density of preserved collections of plants and fungi, and these are skewed toward a handful of geographical centers.

Increased collecting activity is urgently needed and expected to considerably augment the number of species recorded for this biome Milliken et al. With a new species being added to the inventory each working day, on average Sobral and Stehmann , the hard-copy version will soon be outdated, but the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden will coordinate continuous updating of the Web version Forzza et al. Maintenance of the list will require continued support for and recognition of the network of taxonomic specialists who created it.

Enhancements to the coverage of fungi and microalgae should be prioritized and will require investment in taxonomic capacity for these neglected groups. This landmark achievement by the Brazilian scientific community not only provides a robust new baseline for taxonomic and floristic work, but it is also a key tool for policymakers and land managers seeking to direct and implement conservation actions on a scale sufficient to safeguard the world's most-important flora.

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It will serve as an inventory of resources to be assessed for conservation status and prioritized for conservation action, which will aid in avoiding duplication of effort and accidental oversight Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity South Africa provides a clear example of how a national list of plant species can form the foundation for a range of practical information products and can establish a baseline for more applied socioeconomic initiatives Crouch and Smith In the Brazilian context, the list's relevance is illustrated by the fact that more than two-thirds of plant species considered by expert botanists as threatened in were deemed to lack sufficient reliable information to be officially recognized as conservation priorities DCBio , p.

The existence of the list will also enable information on Brazilian plants to be organized in a logical and retrievable way, linked to information about the properties of these species and their roles in ecosystems, which will make these more readily accessible to land managers. Practical needs, such as biome-specific manuals of species suitable for use in habitat restoration can be addressed using subsets of the list. For those megadiverse countries that still lack a comprehensive plant list, concentrated and concerted efforts to develop one are urgently needed if the new and more ambitious GSPC targets are to be attained CBD b.

Neil Brummitt, Tom Meagher, William Milliken and three anonymous reviewers provided valuable input in various phases of the manuscript. Google Scholar. Andrade-Lima D. The caatinga dominium. Google Preview. Bernal R. Boldrini II. A flora dos campos do Rio Grande do Sul.

Brummitt N Nic Lughadha E. Biodiversity: Where's hot and where's not.

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Conservation Biology 17 : — Informing and influencing the interface between biodiversity science and biodiversity policy in South Africa. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society : — Daly DC Silveira M. Ministry of the Environment. Forzza RC et al.

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Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden. Future habitat loss and the conservation of plant biodiversity. Biological Conservation : — Proceedings of a Workshop on Neotropical Distribution Patterns. Megadiversidade 1 : 52 — Govaerts R. How many species of seed plants are there? Taxon 50 : — The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of Brazil.

Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden New York Botanical Garden Press. Mapa de biomas. Kress WJ et al. Amazonian biodiversity: Assessing conservation priorities with taxonomic data. Biodiversity and Conservation 7 : — Megadiversidade 1 : 36 — Flora vascular do bioma Cerrado: Checklist com Cerrado: Ecologia e Flora, vol. Amazon vegetation: How much don't we know and how much does it matter? Kew Bulletin 65 : — Megadiversity: Earth's Biologically Wealthiest Nations.

Hotspots revisited. Biodiversity hotpots for conservation priorities. Nature : — Pott A Pott VJ. Plants of Pantanal. Biota Neotropica 6 3. The Brazilian Atlantic Forest: How much is left, and how is the remaining forest distributed? Implications for conservation. Analysing botanical collecting effort in Amazonia and correcting for it in species range estimation. Journal of Biogeography 34 : — Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Shepherd GJ. Plantas terrestres. Pages — in Lewinsohn TM , ed.

Serie Biodiversidade, vol. Sobral M Stehmann JR. An analysis of new angiosperm species discoveries in Brazil — Taxon 58 : — The Project speciesLink. Ter Steege H et al. A spatial model of tree alpha-diversity and density for the Amazon Region. Biodiversity and Conservation 12 : — Urban I.

Index familiarum. Pages — in von Martius CPF , ed. Pars Prior: Algae, Lichenes, Hepaticae. Flora Brasiliensis 1. Von Martius CPF , ed. Red List of South African Plants Strelitzia Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide.

Sign In or Create an Account. Sign In. Advanced Search. Search Menu. Skip Nav Destination Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Article Contents Abstract. Car washes are sometimes offered free of charge or at a discounted price with a certain amount of gas purchased.


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Conversely, some car washes operate filling stations to supplement their businesses. From approximately to , many service stations in the US provided free road maps affiliated with their parent oil companies to customers. This practice fell out of favor due to the s energy crisis.

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In European Union member states, petrol prices are much higher than in North America due to higher fuel excise or taxation , although the base price is also higher than in the US. Occasionally, price rises trigger national protests. The UK Government eventually backed down by indefinitely postponing a planned increase in fuel duty. This was partially reversed during December when then- Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown raised fuel duty by 1.

Since , petrol prices in the UK rose by nearly 40 pence per litre, going from In much of Europe, including the UK, France and Germany, filling stations operated by large supermarket chains usually price fuel lower than stand-alone filling stations. In most of mainland Europe, sales tax is lower on diesel fuel than on petrol, and diesel is accordingly the cheaper fuel: in the UK and Switzerland, diesel has no tax advantage and retails at a higher price by quantity than petrol offset by its higher energy yield.

In , according to Eurostat, the mean EU28 price was 1. Nearly all filling stations in North America advertise their prices on large signs outside the stations. Some locations have laws requiring such signage. In Canada and the United States, federal, state or provincial, and local sales taxes are usually included in the price, although tax details are often posted at the pump and some stations may provide details on sales receipts.

Gas taxes are often ring-fenced dedicated to fund transportation projects such as the maintenance of existing roads and the construction of new ones. Individual gas stations in the United States have little if any control over gasoline prices. Individual gas stations are unlikely to sell gasoline at a loss, and the profit margin—typically between 7 and 11 cents a US gallon—that they make from gasoline sales is limited by competitive pressures: a gas station which charges more than others will lose customers to them.

Most gas stations try to compensate by selling higher-margin food products in their convenience stores. Even with oil market fluctuations, prices for gasoline in the United States are among the lowest in the industrialized world; this is principally due to lower taxes.