Asian dating sites Kananga Congo Dem Republic

MSF also runs mobile clinics in the countryside around Kananga which have to date provided 9, consultations. Since June , MSF has.
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New presidential and parliamentary elections were promised. However in January , Mobutu dissolved both governments and a joint sitting of the two legislatures the HCR-Parliament of Transition. It met on 19 January and appointed the Roman Catholic archbishop of Kisangani as its president. Tshisekedi organized a successful, one-day strike in Kinshasa. In , Mobutu's Bank of Zaire introduced new currency on three occasions, but it soon became worthless.

Merchants would not accept it and riots broke out when soldiers could not spend their pay. French and Belgian troops were deployed in Kinshasa to help restore order as foreigners fled. Public employees also went on strike because of the economic conditions. Anarchy, corruption, uncontrolled violence, and poverty prevailed. Government authority dissolved, leaving the country to pillaging soldiers and roaming gangs.

The situation led one journalist to call it "a stateless country. AIDS was rife. The struggle of two rival claimants to power continued with neither able to mount much overt support. Due, at least in part, to this chaotic domestic situation, a new outbreak of the Ebola virus was reported in May Hospitals lacked basic supplies, such as sterile dressings, gowns, and gloves.

Ebola virus disease – Democratic Republic of the Congo

Many of those who died were medical professionals who had treated the first Ebola patients brought into medical facilities. Meanwhile the nation was experiencing other problems on its eastern border. Civil war in neighboring Rwanda throughout and had forced over one million people to flee into North and South Kivu provinces where refugees settled into densely populated camps.

These refugees, mostly Rwandan Hutus — many of whom had participated in the genocide against Rwandan Tutsis — quickly became a great strain on the region's scarce resources and in August the government stepped up efforts to repatriate them to Rwanda. Within a month, over 75, refugees had been expelled. However, the expulsion proved counterproductive.

Many of the refugees were afraid of being imprisoned or killed by the Tutsi-led government of Rwanda.


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Some refugees fled into the countryside to avoid being deported while others returned across the border only hours after being expelled. Discussions involving several nations from the region, chaired by Jimmy Carter , sought to resolve the problem. In October , increasing insecurity, the high cost of living , and the destruction of the fauna and flora led the government of South Kivu province to initiate a series of repressive measures.


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    • These reprisals were directed against Rwandan Hutu refugees and against a group of ethnic Rwandans Tutsis, who claimed their ancestors had settled in Zaire more than a century before. This action prompted a rebellion by the Rwandans.

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    By early November the provincial government had been overthrown; the major cities of the province had come under rebel control; and hundreds of thousands of Rwandan refugees were repatriated into Rwanda, attempting to flee the fighting. Kabila had originally fought with Lumumba for independence but had been living as a local warlord in the South Kivu province. Kabila's presence as the leader of the rebellion shifted its focus from protecting ethnic Rwandans to conducting a rebellion against the Mobutu government.

    During the first few months of the rebellion, President Mobutu had been abroad to seek treatment for his prostate cancer. In mid-December, Mobutu returned, appointed a new defense minister, and reshuffled the army command. He also hired Serbian mercenaries and Hutu Rwandans to strengthen his army. In January the army launched a disastrous counteroffensive against the rebels.

    By February the rebels controlled nearly all of the Eastern provinces and were threatening to overtake the country. South African-brokered peace talks failed to bring about a cease-fire. The rebels soon took Kisangani, the nation's third-largest city without a fight in March.

    Any serious opposition to the rebels completely crumbled in the wake of their onslaught. In April, while the UN attempted to negotiate a meeting between Mobutu and Kabila with Mobutu refusing , the rebels seized Lubumbashi, the second-largest city, and also took control of the diamond-rich province of Kasai. Mobutu agreed to stand-down the army forces in Kinshasa but refused to agree on conditions for his departure. However, as rebel forces drew ever closer, Mobutu realized that his hopes of retaining any of his former power were misplaced, and he fled first to his hometown in the northern part of the country and then abroad.

    Kabila's forces entered the capital to a hero's welcome. Kabila announced that the country would return to using the name it had been known as from to , the Democratic Republic of the Congo. While most citizens were glad to be rid of the brutal and corrupt government of Mobutu, and most Western nations were glad to be rid of an embarrassing remnant of the Cold War, Kabila soon proved to be an ambiguous hero.

    Democratic Republic of Congo: In Kasai, “even the birds had stopped singing” | MSF

    Most of Kabila's top associates were Tutsis in and were implicated in alleged massacres of Rwandan Hutu refugees in the Eastern Provinces, which they had controlled since November By August , a full-fledged war, which eventually involved nine African countries, erupted. It began with a disagreement between Kabila and his Rwandan and Ugandan allies over their future participation in the Congolese state, which soon led to Rwandan and Ugandan attacks on the eastern towns of Goma, Bukavu, and Uvira.

    This group never achieved wide popularity and some analysts believe it was principally a Rwandan creation to overthrow Kabila by proxy. Shooting also broke out between sides of allied Ugandan and Rwandan forces in Kisangani leaving several dead. The UN estimates that some 6, people died by the end of the first year of the Congo conflict, many of them civilians. However, with more than half the national territory under rebel control, and with Kabila refusing to cooperate with the UN negotiator, a political and military stalemate ensued.

    The country fell further into economic chaos due to gross mismanagement of monetary and fiscal policy. On 16 January , a presidential guard shot and killed Laurent Kabila. Kabila was succeeded by his son, Joseph, who was confirmed unanimously by his father's appointed parliament to be the new head of state on 27 January In mid-January the assassination trial was concluded, and despite questionable evidence, 29 people were found guilty and condemned to death. By April most but not all foreign troops had withdrawn, and Kabila had extracted commitments from his neighbors to respect pre Congolese borders.

    The agreement permitted Kabila to remain president of the republic until elections were held, a condition on which he insisted throughout the Inter-Congolese Dialog ICD talks. However, despite the Pretoria agreement and the presence of several dozen French peacekeeping troops, fierce fighting continued between the Hema and Lendu tribes over control of Bunia, a town in the northeast. Fighting also continued in other parts of the country.

    In early , the MLC rebel faction was accused of mass murder, cannibalism, rape, and other human rights abuses committed against Pygmies in Ituri located in the northeast. Fighting, raping, looting, and theft also were reported into June in towns and villages in the eastern Kivu provinces. In June concrete steps were taken to resolve the conflict and to implement the Pretoria Accord.

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    A transitional power-sharing government with representation from all the main factions was charged with the responsibility of preparing the country for its transition to democratic elections in Implementation of the timetable, however, was slow with the government in no hurry to speed the transfer of power. The enormous task of voter registration, which began in June , proceeded apace throughout , and the deadline for candidate registration was set for 17 January Despite progress in moving the political transition forward, renewed clashes between armed factions operating in Ituri district and North Kivu province threatened to derail the process.

    Leaders of RCD-Goma were opposed to the transition, claiming that armed Hutu Interahamwe militias continued to conduct attacks on the Banyamulenge Congolese Tutsi population. It was also clear that RCD-Goma was interested in staying in power as long as possible, benefiting from the smuggling of cassiterite and other precious minerals from the DROC into Rwanda. The protracted fighting was responsible for an estimated 3.

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    This scale of human calamity had not been seen anywhere on the globe since World War II. Meanwhile, the specter of a return of Rwandan armed forces to Congolese soil was very real. In late , the UN MONUC peace-keepers numbered over 16, strong and additional police were authorized to maintain order in the run-up to the elections. MONUC claimed to have successfully demobilized several thousand militia fighters in Ituri, however, some 2, militia members were thought to be operating with most of their weaponry in that area.

    While MONUC provided a deterrent to conflict, observers noted that the failure to restructure the armed forces, to disarm militias, and redirect the loyalty of soldiers to the central government presented a major obstacle to the success of the transition process. Congo's "gold curse" and the illegal exploitation of precious minerals from eastern Congo by rebel factions and foreign governments were expected to continue to fuel the fighting. A basic law loi fondamentale was adopted in early , before independence, pending the adoption of a permanent constitution by a constituent assembly.

    It provided for a division of executive powers between the head of state president and the head of government premier. The premier and a cabinet known as the Council of Ministers were both responsible to the bicameral legislature on all matters of policy. This document was replaced by a constitution adopted in and modeled closely on the constitution of the French Fifth Republic.

    Under its terms, the president determined and directed the policy of the state and had the power to appoint and dismiss the prime minister. The powers of the parliament were sharply reduced. After his takeover in November , Gen. Mobutu initially adhered to the constitution, but in October he combined the office of prime minister with the presidency. In June a new constitution was promulgated. It provided for a highly centralized form of presidential government and virtually eliminated the autonomy that provincial authorities had previously exercised. The constitution was further amended on 23 December when the MPR was proclaimed the sole party of the republic.

    MPR primacy over all other national institutions, which resulted from the establishment of a single-party system, was affirmed in constitutions promulgated in and Instead of directly electing the president of the republic, voters confirmed the choice made by the MPR for its chairman, who automatically became the head of state and head of the government. The president's leading role in national affairs was further institutionalized by constitutional provisions that made him the formal head of the Political Bureau, of the Party Congress, and of the National Executive and National Legislative councils.

    Organs of the MPR included the member Central Committee, created in as the policy-making center for both party and government; the member Political Bureau; the Party Congress, which was supposed to meet every five years; the National Executive Council or cabinet ; and the National Legislative Council , a unicameral body with members.

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    In practice, however, most government functions were directly controlled by President Mobutu through his personal entourage and through numerous aides and advisers. The constitution was amended in April to permit the formation of alternative parties. In , Mobutu was challenged by a rival government and he was unable to secure compliance with his decrees. In September , the transitional Tshisekedi government elected by the National Conference in August and the Mobutu forces agreed on a draft constitution for the Third Republic and on an electoral process leading to a popular government in However, on 14 January , Mobutu dismissed both governments and rival parliaments, a move that had little effect on the nation.

    Zaire had as it had since two ineffectual governments, neither of which was capable of carrying out policy. Yet the army evicted his officers from government facilities. Mobutu repeatedly tried to remove Tshisekedi from office, but Tshisekedi refused to recognize Mobutu's authority to do so.

    Mobutu had de facto control of the administration but it was unable to act effectively. As a result of this stalemate, the government virtually collapsed. With the overthrow of Mobutu in , much uncertainty prevailed concerning the structure and organization of the new government. Zaire was renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the names of some provinces were changed. In September , Laurent Kabila had named several associates to the ministries, and others to governor posts.

    In November he approved a draft constitution, but it was not ratified by a national referendum; one outcome of the ongoing inter-Congolese dialogue is to be a new constitution. Laurant Kabila was assassinated in January The December Pretoria agreement led to the establishment in June of a power-sharing transitional government led by President Joseph Kabila and co-led by four vice presidents who represented the five main armed factions, unarmed civilian opposition, civil society, and members of the previous Joseph Kabila government. The parliament was composed of a member National Assembly and a seat Senate with deputies appointed by the factions participating in the transition government.