Survey of Scranton, city in northeastern Pennsylvania, U.S., in the Lackawanna River valley, on the western fringes of the Pocono Mountains. It is the center of.
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By , the city had a population of more than , In the late s, Scranton was home to a series of early International League baseball teams. Given its industrial basis, Scranton has had a notable labor history; various coal worker unions struggled throughout the coal-mining era to improve working conditions, raise wages, and guarantee fair treatment for workers. As the economy contracted, the railroad companies reduced wages of workers in most classes while sometimes reserving raises for their top management.
A major strike of railroad workers in August , part of the Great Railroad Strike , attracted workers from the steel industry and mining as well, and developed as the Scranton General Strike. Four rioters were killed during unrest during the strike, after the mayor mustered a militia. With violence suppressed by militia and federal troops, workers finally returned to their jobs, not able to gain any economic relief.
William Walker Scranton , from the prominent family, was then general manager of Lackawanna Iron and Coal.
He later founded Scranton Steel Company. The labor issues and growth of industry in Scranton contributed to Lackawanna County being established by the state legislature in , with territory taken from Luzerne County. Scranton was designated as the county seat. This strengthened its local government. The unions failed to gain higher wages that year, but in they elected labor leader Terence V. Powderly of the Knights of Labor as mayor of Scranton. After that, he became national leader of the KoL, a predominately [ dubious — discuss ] Catholic organization that had a peak membership of , circa The landmark Coal strike of , was called by anthracite miners across the region and led by the United Mine Workers under John Mitchell.
The strike was settled by a compromise brokered by President Theodore Roosevelt. A statue of John Mitchell was installed in his honor on the grounds of the Lackawanna County Courthouse in Scranton, "the site of the Coal Strike of negotiations in which President Roosevelt participated.
Because of the significance of these negotiations, the statue and the Courthouse were added to the National Register of Historic Places in John Mitchell is buried in Cathedral Cemetery in Scranton. By the United States Census of , the population of Scranton was about ,, making it the third-largest city in Pennsylvania and 38th-largest U. Most were descended from colonists and belonged to the Republican Party. The industrial workers, who tended to be later immigrants from Ireland and southern and eastern Europe, were predominately Catholic. With a flood of immigrants in the market, they suffered poor working conditions and wages.
In , the dwindling local iron ore supply, labor issues, and an aging plant cost the city the industry on which it was founded. With a port on the lake, the company could receive iron ore shipped from the Mesabi Range in Minnesota, which was being newly mined. Scranton forged ahead as the capital of the anthracite coal industry.
Attracting the thousands of workers needed to mine coal, the city developed new neighborhoods dominated by Italian and Eastern European immigrants, who brought their foods, cultures and religions. Many of the immigrants joined the Democratic Party.
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Their national churches and neighborhoods were part of the history of the city. Several Catholic and Orthodox churches were founded and built during this period. A substantial Jewish community was also established, with most members coming from the Russian Empire and eastern Europe. Working conditions for miners were improved by the efforts of labor leaders such as John Mitchell , who led the United Mine Workers. The sub-surface mining weakened whole neighborhoods, however, damaging homes, schools, and businesses when the land collapsed.
Because of the difficulty in dealing with the coal companies, citizens organized the Scranton Surface Protection Association , chartered by the Court of Common Pleas on November 24, "to protect the lives and property of the citizens of the City of Scranton and the streets of said city from injury, loss and damage caused by mining and mine caves.
In and , the city and Commonwealth sought injunctions to prevent coal companies from undermining city streets but lost their cases. North Main Avenue and Boulevard Avenue, "both entitled to surface support, caved in as a result" of court decisions that went against civil authorities and allowed the coal companies to continue their operations. Jones came out differently.
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Penman was the private property owner in the case. The coal operators were defeated in this case. The public transportation system began to expand beyond the trolley lines pioneered by predecessors of the Scranton Railways system. The Lackawanna and Wyoming Valley Railroad , commonly referred to as the Laurel Line, was built as an interurban passenger and freight carrier to Wilkes-Barre.
Its Scranton station, offices, powerhouse and maintenance facility were built on the former grounds of the Lackawanna Steel Company, and operations started in Beginning in , Scrantonians could also ride trolley cars to the northern suburbs of Clarks Summit and Dalton. After the s, no new trolley lines were built, but bus operations were started and expanded to meet service needs. In , Scranton Railways was re-incorporated as the Scranton Transit Company, reflecting that shift in transportation modes. Starting in the early s, the Scranton Button Company founded in and a major maker of shellac buttons became one of the primary makers of phonograph records.
By , the Scranton company was also pressing records for Brunswick , Melotone , and Vocalion.
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In , the company was acquired by Capitol Records , which continued to produce phonograph records through the end of the vinyl era. By the mids, the city population had swelled beyond , [11] due to growth in the mining and silk textile industries. World War II created a great demand for energy, which led to the highest production from mining in the area since World War I. After World War II, coal lost favor to oil and natural gas as a heating fuel, largely because the latter types were more convenient to use.
While some U. Coal production and rail traffic declined rapidly throughout the s, causing a loss of jobs. The waters of the Susquehanna River flooded the mines. Demand for public transportation also declined as new highways were built by federal subsidies and people purchased automobiles. In , the Laurel Line ceased passenger service.
The Scranton Transit Company, whose trolleys had given the city its nickname, transferred all operations to buses as the holiday season approached; by the end of , it ceased all operations. The city was left without any public transportation system for almost a year until the Lackawanna County government formed COLTS , which began operations in late with s-era GM busses from New Jersey. Scranton had been the hub of its operations until the Erie Lackawanna merger, after which it no longer served in this capacity. This was another severe blow to the local labor market.
Mine subsidence was a spreading problem in the city as pillar supports in abandoned mines began to fail; cave-ins sometimes consumed entire blocks of homes. The area was left scarred by abandoned coal mining structures, strip mines, and massive culm dumps , some of which caught fire and burned for many years until they were extinguished through government efforts. In , the Secretary of Mines for Pennsylvania suggested that so many underground voids had been left by mining underneath Scranton that it would be "more economical" to abandon the city than make them safe. During the s and s, the silk and other textile industries shrank as jobs were moved to the South or overseas.
During the s and s, many downtown storefronts and theaters became vacant.
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Suburban development followed the highways and suburban shopping malls became the dominant venues for shopping and entertainment. Since the mids, the city has emphasized revitalization. Local government and much of the community at large have adopted a renewed interest in the city's buildings and history. Some historic properties have been renovated and marketed as tourist attractions.
The Steamtown National Historic Site captures the area's once-prominent position in the railroad industry. Since the mids the Scranton Cultural Center has operated the architecturally significant Masonic Temple and Scottish Rite Cathedral, designed by Raymond Hood , as the region's performing arts center.
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Due to the rage for paranormal-themed televisions shows, a popular downtown historic Scranton Ghost Walk [20] has been expanded to operate days a year. Since the revitalization began, many coffee shops, restaurants, and bars have opened in the downtown, creating a vibrant night-life. The low cost of living , pedestrian-friendly downtown, and the construction of loft-style apartments in older, architecturally significant buildings have attracted young professionals and artists.
Many are individuals who grew up in Scranton, moved to big cities after high school and college, and decided to return to the area to take advantage of its amenities. Many buildings around the city that were once empty are currently being restored. Many of the restored buildings will be used to entice new business into the city. Some of the newly renovated buildings are already being used. Scranton's total area of Scranton is drained by the Lackawanna River.
The monthly daily average temperature in January, the coldest month, is Precipitation is generally slightly greater during late spring and summer, while winter is generally the driest.
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On average, each month sees 10 to 13 days of precipitation, and the mean annual total is Snowfall is variable, with some winters bringing light snow and others bringing numerous snowstorms. As of the census , there were 76, people, 30, households, and 18, families residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was Hispanic or Latino of any race make up 9.