Iran has made strides in scientific studies, which German funders are keen to explore. The Robert Bosch Foundation made a whistle-stop tour.
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- Istanbul to Tehrān - 5 ways to travel via train, plane, bus, and car
- 'Maximum diplomacy'
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- A diplomatic whirl to avoid war in the Gulf
- Find Transport to Tehrān
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Planning should also incorporate a multisectorial framework. All sorts of interdependency linkages and implementation barriers need to be addressed in an overarching and integrated manner. The conventional setup of sectoral water management institutions is not able to cope with the present water problem facing the city of Tehran. The solutions to these problems require an integrated approach to water, land use, and ecosystems, addressing the role of water within the context of social and economic development and environmental sustainability.
Basically what is spoken of as a water problem in the city is not solely a water problem but a societal problem; the main task is to master the driving forces, to build up the balancing forces, and to develop competent governance systems. Megacities like Tehran are not able to cope with the growth of the suburbs, and in many cases development has gotten out of control.
The unbalanced population growth and reliance on long distance water transfer are among the challenges that the city faces. Problems that are facing water resources management in Tehran can be summarized as increase in demand and waste production due to population growth and socioeconomic development; decrease in availability of water per capita; high losses of urban water; and local depletion and pollution of surface and groundwater.
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Urban water management in this city will fail without a holistic and integrated view. The first supply to the city from a surface water source was commissioned in , bringing water by aqueduct from the Karaj River some 40 km to the west.
Istanbul to Tehrān - 5 ways to travel via train, plane, bus, and car
Since that time, the population of Tehran has grown from some , to more than seven million people. The city gets its water from both surface water and groundwater. Surface water supplies have been augmented by the construction of the Amirkabir Dam on the Karaj River, duplication of the original aqueduct, and the construction of the Latiyan dam and tunnel diverting water from the Jajrood River east of the city. In , the construction of the River Lar project, which consists of a major dam, was commissioned for several purposes: regulating the flows of the Lar River, providing a storage controlled flow, releasing water down the river to Mazandaran, and creating a diversion tunnel system transferring Lar water to the Latiyan Reservoir for onward conveyance to Tehran.
'Maximum diplomacy'
Hydroelectric power stations are included in the diversion system to utilize the appreciable head between the two reservoirs. The annual exploitation of subterranean water for supply is increasing and currently is on the order of approximately Mm 3 , which is drawn from deep wells with an average depth of m. Approximately 40 percent of the population of the city relies on groundwater for its drinking water needs. The distribution of the water supply for the city of Tehran during the last 25 years is shown in Table 1 and Figure 2. From to , over about 40 years, the water consumption in Tehran rose from 10 Mm 3 to more than Mm 3 , an increase of eighty times.
This expansion became particularly rapid during the s and s due to the nature of the rapid economic growth, causing industry and population to be. Population and water usage during the last 35 years is given in Table 2.
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The population of Tehran has grown steadily due to the intense centralization of the majority of the political and economic functions of the country, as well as spreading unemployment in other provinces. Recent studies show that the population. As illustrated in Table 2 , although population has increased by about 2 percent yearly, water usage liters per capita has increased at a rate of about 5 to 6 percent annually. If the high population growth of the last 25 years slows down dramatically and population migration stops, the rate of population growth may slow to 1.
In the years and , the volume of water consumption in Tehran is projected to reach 1, and 1, Mm 3 , respectively. Based on current water usage and anticipated population growth, the water shortage is expected to grow to about Mm 3 in the years ahead; about Mm 3 by year , and about Mm 3 by year Most of the water is expected to be supplied by groundwater pumping which will be discussed later and which has its own problems and the transmission of water from further distances. The city of Tehran is located on an alluvial plain. The alluvium is composed of sand, ballast, and clay, with high permeability in the northern areas of Tehran, due to the concentration of sand and ballast, and poor permeability in the south, due to clay content.
The water table north and south of the city is at a depth of approximately 70 m and 3 to 4 m, respectively. Because of the huge costs involved in a rapidly expanding city, the development of the sewer system did not keep pace with the construction of buildings and highways. The city lacks municipal sewage facilities; hence, the only method of sewage disposal for domestic waste is through seepage pits and leaching cesspools. There is a potential for waste from these leaching cesspools to leach into the underlying aquifer.
The extensive use of cesspools in Tehran has caused the water table to rise Figure 3. The average distance between the water table and the bottom of. The level, however, varies from the north to the south.
Southern seepage pits and leaching cesspools are more likely to break through to the aquifer because of the shallow water table and because of saturated soil conditions during periods of heavy rainfall. In the south, where soil content is high in clay, the water table is close to the surface.
A diplomatic whirl to avoid war in the Gulf
In these areas, a network of. In some areas, these facilities have resulted in differential soil settlement, causing additional structural and environmental damage. Consequently, the water table is rising rapidly throughout the city; the average rate is approximately 1 to 2 meters per year, but in some areas the water levels have risen 10 meters in only four years.
Contamination from rising groundwater and wastewater intrusion are significant factors potentially limiting groundwater use. The direction of groundwater flow is basically toward the south and southeast, with a mean velocity of approximately 0. A sewage collection and treatment system has been planned and designed in two stages. The first phase, which is expected to be completed by the year , will cover 15, hectares of the city, consisting of 10, hectares in the south and about 5, in the north, and serving about 2 million people.
The second phase of the project will cover the remaining part of the city and has an unknown completion date. The project calls for two treatment plants to be located in the south and west sections of the city. Effluent from these plants will be used for irrigation while the sludge from the treatment works will be used as fertilizer. These measures are preferred over importing water from outer basins, which results in unnecessary expenditure and ultimately transferring the water problems to other areas.
The explosive population growth trend for the Tehran Metropolitan Area TMA may be curtailed by means of short-term and long-term policies that increase the quality of living and working conditions in other parts of the country and at the same time reduce the economic attractiveness of the capital.
The visit is viewed as a milestone to build closer bonds. It will be a very important time. Skip to main content. Login Register Profile Subscribe. Search form. Subscribe Monday.
You are here Home. Domestic Economy. Ali Behboodian. Republishing Guidelines. If not they have a refund policy if you cannot find enough Iranian ladies on the site to satisfy you. If you are more interested in a serious relationship then a site like Muslima would be better for you. Now you can use our Tehran dating guide to show your girl a great time. After dinner go to one of the cafes we listed in the nightlife section, or visit Vahdat Hall or the City Theater of Tehran on your date night to see live music or a show. Try to go outside for your date during the day if possible.
Here are some good parks to take advantage of nice weather outdoors together:. You could also go to Play Beach or up Mount Tochal. Tabiat Bridge and the Milad Tower are also a couple more places worth checking out. Plus the Sam Center is a place we have listed multiple times and it is filled with things to do. A couple of cool spots for weekend getaways and an potentially easier places to pick up women are Baku in Azerbaijan or Kuwait City.
We are almost finished but there are a few more travel related things to mention that can help you have a better trip, and who knows they may even make it more likely you hook up. The Iranian Rial is the currency and you get about 42, for every US dollar right now. You can check out a map of the metro system here , or you can download Snapp which is like Uber. You may need to use a VPN to be able to download it. When we and others say this is a conservative place that is no joke. Even if you are able to pick up a girl where are you going to hook up with her?
There are not girl friendly hotels in Tehran, and trying to have sex outdoors or in public would be a really bad idea. Maybe you can meet a woman who has her own place, but most Iranian women live with their parents until they get married.
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The overall lack of a hook up culture, limited alcohol, and no girl friendly hotels really makes things hard. Just try to make the best out of a bad situation. Go to the singles nightlife areas we mentioned before, mingle, and try to find your way to some house parties.