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After the foundation of the republic, major infrastructure projects were completed and the first planned neighborhoods were built north of the city. Turhan Cemal Beriker served as mayor and governor for 12 years during this period. With the completion of Seyhan Dam in , the city saw explosive growth when then prime minister Adnan Menderes showed special interest in Adana; he initiated large-scale infrastructure projects like citywide underground sewer systems and rezoning of residential areas into roads and public spaces.
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From to the present, the cityscape has seen revolutionary changes with the revitalization of Seyhan river and the construction of large parks and boulevards. Metropolitan Municipality Law was introduced in and the municipal governance was split between metropolitan municipality and district municipalities. Each district municipal council elects one-fifth of their members to represent the district at the metropolitan council. Seyhan district , located west of Seyhan River, is the cultural and business center of the city. D state road also called Turhan Cemal Beriker Boulevard within the city limits divides the district into north and south.
Seyhan's north of D, is economically the most developed part of the city. Hotels, cultural centers, commercial and public buildings line up along D Old town, located south of D, is the market place where traditional and modern shops serve the residents. South of the old town is a low-income residential area.
The district was planned in the mids to direct the urban sprawl to low-fertile hectare land north of the city. Neighborhoods Mahalle are administrative units within the district municipalities and are administered by the muhtar and the Neighborhood Seniors Council. Although elected by the neighborhood residents, the muhtar is not granted any powers, thus functions as an administrator of the national government.
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Muhtar can voice neighborhood issues to the district municipality and do have a seat at the Adana City Assembly, an umbrella organization for the coordination of public institutions in the city. There are a total of neighborhoods in the city. Seyhan has 99 neighborhoods , 69 of them in the urban area and 30 are the neighborhoods of the former municipalities and the former villages that converted into neighborhoods. A neighborhood population can range from to 63, Adana is one of the first industrialized cities, as well as one of the economically developed cities of Turkey.
A mid-size trading city until the mids, the city attracted European traders after the United States, a major cotton supplier, was embroiled with its Civil War. Cilicia farmers exported agricultural products for the first time and started building capital. By the start of the 20th century, factories almost all processing cotton, began to operate in the region.
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Factories were shut down and the economy almost came to a standstill in , after the genocide of Armenians who ran most of the businesses in the city. Foundation of the republic, again accelerated the growth of industrialization by re-activation of closed plants and opening of state-owned ones. With the construction of Seyhan Dam and improvements in agricultural techniques, there was an explosive growth in agricultural production during the s. The service industry, especially banking, developed during this period.
The decline in cotton planting in the region raised the raw material cost for manufacturing, thus the city has seen a wave of plant closures starting from the mids. In , unemployment in the city reached a record high of Chosen alongside Kocaeli for Turkey, Adana scored the highest points for cost effectiveness against Kocaeli's points for infrastructure development, while Adana and Kocaeli tied on points for the categories of human resources and quality of life.
A leading commercial center in southern Turkey, the city hosts regional headquarters of many corporate and public institutions. Adana Chamber of Commerce ATO was founded in to guide and regulate the cotton trade and it is one of the oldest of its kind in Turkey. Today the Chamber has more than 25, member companies, furthers the interests of businesses and advocates on their behalf.
The Exchange is located across the Metropolitan Theatre Hall. Current capacity of 29 hotels hosting guests will double in two years; total number of hotel beds rising to Farmers of Adana produce half of the corn and soy bean in Turkey. Producer co-operatives play a significant role in the economy of the city.
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Adana Agriculture Fair is the region's largest fair attracting more than thousand visitors from 20 nations. The fair hosts agriculture, livestock, poultry and dairy businesses. Greenhouse and Gardening Fair also takes place at the same time in part of the Agriculture Fair. The fair is organized on a 3. Adana is an industrialized city where large-scale industry is based mostly on agriculture. As of [update] , Adana has 11 companies in Turkey's top industrial firms.
Marsan-Adana is the largest margarine and plant oil factory in Turkey. As of December , the total population of the four districts is 1,, Two-thirds of the residents of Adana live west of the Seyhan River, where the city was first founded.
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Seyhan is the most diverse district, accommodating all ethnic groups. The major ethnic groups in Adana are the Turks, Arabs and Kurds. Population growth slowed between and because of the Adana Massacre and the Armenian deportations, with the numbers only being replenished, rather than increased, by refugees brought in from the Balkans and Crete as part of the Population Exchange of The first Turks moved to the city from Khorosan at the 8th century.
The demography of the city changed significantly in the s after the massive migration of Kurds, many of them being forced to leave their villages in the southeast at the peak of Turkey—PKK conflict. Around 8, Romani people live in Adana Province, including Conos. An estimated 2, families of Crypto-Armenians live in Adana, identifying themselves as Arabs, Kurds or Alevis for the last century.
Before , the community numbered up to 22,, but declined when many troops were stationed in Iraq. Similar to other cities on the Mediterranean and Aegean coasts, secularism is strong in Adana. Among the people with faith, the majority of the residents adhere to Sunni Islam. Arabs of Adana are mostly Alawi , which is often confused with Alevis.
Alawi Arabs are locally known as Nusayri or Fellah. There is a tiny community of Roman Catholics and a few Jewish families. The golden age for the architecture of Adana was the late 15th and 16th centuries when Ramadanid principality chose Adana as their capital.
The city grew rapidly during that period with many new neighborhoods being built. Most of the historical landmarks of Adana were built during this period, thus Mamluk and Seljuqid architecture are dominant in Adana's architectural history. Adana is home to modern Turkey's historic Armenian architecture, which can be found behind the city's central modern buildings.
The city administration has launched a campaign to preserve the heritage of this area, particularly the Ottoman houses. It was damaged during French occupation, but was rebuilt in , and its image can be found in the city's coat of arms. A three-story building, made of stone and brick, it is one of the oldest examples of a house in Turkey.
This hall is the Harem section, where the Ramadanid family lived. It is built with five domes and the inside is covered with marble. During the time it was built, water was brought from Seyhan River by water wheels and canals. Its water comes from the river. Other historical hamams in the city are Mestenzade Bath and Yeni Bath. Built in loyalty to Ottoman Architecture , the mosque was opened in to a capacity of 28, prayers. The mosque has six minarets, four of them being 99 meters high.
Its dome has a diameter of 32 meters and is 54 meters above the praying area. It is located on the west bank of Seyhan River at the corner of Seyhan Bridge and can be seen from a wide area. The mosque is of black and white marble with decorative window surrounds and it is famous for the 16th century Iznik tiling used in its inner space. The minaret is unique with the Mamluk effects it bears and with its orthogonal plan scheme. It is in the Seljuqid Grand Mosque style and has an attractive gate made of yellow stone.
The influence of Mamluk architecture is visible. It is built in rectangular order and has an interesting stonework on its south walls. In the 19th century, the city had four churches; two Armenian, one Greek and one Catholic. It is located in the old town, close to 5 Ocak Square and currently serves the Roman Catholic and the Protestant communities. Adana has many parks and gardens.