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In general, the effects of gender differentials 15 Hirata H, Kergoat D. Cad Pesq. Social roles assigned to men and women affect time management: women occupy themselves with household tasks at the expense of their personal interests, while men develop sports and leisure activities in their free time 16 Gender inequalities in the association between demands of family and domestic life and health in Spanish workers.
Eur J Public Health. In addition, the working conditions of men and women are not equal, i. Arguments in the biological and behavioral plan, as differences in height, muscle strength, aerobic capacity, hormonal conditions, among others, would make a woman more susceptible to musculoskeletal disorders. Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders is systematically higher in women than in men.
Clin J Pain. The arguments mentioned above can be evoked to explain the smaller chance of occurrence in the group living without a partner, since household tasks would be more likely in life as a couple, sometimes with children, and the resulting care for this situation. Family bonds offer support by sharing emotions, but can generate an accumulation, given the vicissitudes faced by spouses 17 It is valid to remember that the effects of the work overload may add to the weight of family responsibilities, thus restricting the necessary pauses for rest and recovery of musculoskeletal wear 16 The group of individuals with greater seniority in the job had more chance to report WMSD.
Seniority is a marker of duration of exposure to occupational factors, which also favors the gaining of experience. On the other hand, a decrease in the capacity of adjusting the workload is expected, due to the accumulation of effects of environmental and psychosocial factors that individuals face along their professional career 18 Relationship between job, lifestyle, age and occupational injuries.
Occup Med Lond.
Therefore, the greater chance of WMSD in this group would not be unexpected. As for the lesser chance of occurrence in the group who reported working in open environments, other information would be necessary to develop grounded hypotheses. Still, it is not unlikely that working in this condition is free of the injunctions that characterize the industrial production management methods, which expose individuals to the repetition of cadenced operations and poor autonomy, both well documented characteristics regarding their relationship with WMSD 2 2. Exposure to intense noise during labor activity increased the chance of occurrence of WMSD.
This result is not surprising, since the association between musculoskeletal disorders and environmental factors are known 19 Environmental discomfort and musculoskeletal disorders. Regarding noise, we can suggest the hypothesis of extra-auditory effects, such as irritation and discomfort 20 Auditory and non-auditory effects of noise on health. In situations of involuntary increase of myofibrils contraction, the microbreaks needed for muscle work decrease, with losses on the reperfusion of the peritendinous tissues.
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Inflammatory processes resulting from this situation would explain the symptoms of muscle fatigue, pain, and, if the environmental exposure is maintained, function limitation 19 The greatest chance of WMSD in the group who reported participating in volunteer work in the community is consistent with the inability that the pain situation provokes. If so, individuals who had limitations to keep their jobs would be available to act in other spheres of life, for example, community actions of voluntary character. Interdisciplinary research shows important pathways to understand the impact of an incapacitating occupational disease over the different dimensions of social life 14 As for the report of having been diagnosed with arthritis by a physician, the prevalence found 6.
Measuring the prevalence of chronic diseases using population surveys by pooling self-reported symptoms, diagnosis and treatments: results from the World Health Survey of for South Asia. Int J Public Health. A population-based survey sought to identify the duration of comorbidities in the group that reported musculoskeletal disorders in the cervical and lower back regions 22 US national prevalence and correlates of low back and neck pain among adults.
Arthritis Rheum. The prevalence of arthritis along with isolated cervical pain and cervical pain simultaneously with low back pain was of In agreement with the results from PNS, in the case of depressive symptoms, the same trend was verified: The maintenance of employment and work activity is a stimulated measure in rheumatological practice.
Despite the benefits, the workplace can be a source of occupational stress 23 Rev Saude Publica. We observed that the expected protective effect of labor activity on the evolution of the symptoms of arthritis was frustrated when the individuals were exposed to tasks for which they had restricted control margins opening to choose when and how to perform the tasks , as opposed to high demands volume of tasks, speed with which they should be finished, and time available to meet these requirements.
These work-related tensions can be expressed as greater or lesser job satisfaction, and these experiences can lead to stressful events, which interact with the physical and mental health of the individual, thus worsening rheumatic and depression symptoms.
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In this sense, the PNS results that indicate these comorbidities are plausible. Depression is an independent risk factor for a set of musculoskeletal disorders 24 Prospective study on the relationship between depressive symptoms and chronic musculoskeletal pain. According to the hypothesis of cognitive vulnerability, stressful events tend to precipitate depressive situations 25 Depressogenic cognitive styles: predictive validity, information processing and personality characteristics, and developmental origins.
Behav Res Ther. The multifactorial character, as well as the role of psychosocial factors such as dissatisfaction in the development of musculoskeletal disorders and psychiatric comorbidities are very clear, both in the triggering and worsening of chronic musculoskeletal pain, which is the main symptom of WMSD 26 Menzel NN. Psychosocial factors in musculoskeletal disorders.
However, the proposed hypotheses do not allow more incursions. The report of diagnosis of depression can be associated with the investigated outcome. It is also possible, however, that the experiences related to an occupational disease are exacerbating pre-existing problems, or that they are more easily noticed by people with depressive profiles and, therefore, are more often reported by them.
The limits derived from the lack of methodological consensus indicate caution in interpreting the results. The definition of the event to characterize the outcome varies in current literature, with losses to attempts at comparison of the obtained results. It is possible to question about complaints 5 5. The macroeconomic structure, the internationalization of investment, and the application of new technologies can transform the policies of employment and working conditions.
Considering the weakening of Union power and unemployment, the productive restructuring environment becomes conducive to the implementation of management strategies that increase stressful situations absence of pauses, demand for more parts per unit of time, for example , as well as generate new forms of insertion of individuals on production 12 In this context, the sources of information on employment, work, and health of workers become even more precarious. For the first time in Brazil, it was possible to examine the prevalence of a disease of such importance for the already discussed reasons.
Memory bias, differences in estimates of illness, and inadequacy of resources to assess the quality of data collection are inherent limitations to investigations. However, the contribution of this kind of study to improve quality of care is undeniable, being thus possible to enhance programs and evaluate the policies specific to occupational groups. In addition, it is worth noting that the statistical analysis benefited from the advantages concerning the expressive sampling size, as well as the high response rate.
The sampling design of the PNS, as well as the weights used in the analysis, ensures data representativeness for Brazil, its major regions, states, metropolitan areas, capital cities and other municipalities, thus allowing an accurate characterization of the health conditions of the Brazilian population. The results indicate the need to monitor comorbidities in the case of musculoskeletal diseases, and strengthen programs focused on gender differentials.
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Gear storage. Lessons or coaching. Spot guidance. Rescue service. Trip characteristics. Suitable for: Solo traveler, Group. Ambience: Wilderness, Relaxed. Experience Type: Collective. Local attractions Bosque Guarani zoo.