Mauritania: Prevalence of forced marriage and its legal status; state protection; whether a woman can Publication Date, 13 July head office is in Nouakchott and which has satellite offices in Nouadhibou, Kaédi and Tintane, as well as.
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Tax preferences are offered for using local materials and investing in priority sectors, like agriculture, minerals, and fish processing. Foreign investment has been small since the ethnic violence of to However, in the government introduced new initiatives to attract foreign investment. Foreign investment climbed from — 04, particularly in the petroleum, mining, and telecommunications sectors, as well as tourism especially hotels.
In the government introduced a new investment code, designed to encourage foreign investment as well as local entrepreneurs. Until the export earning capacity of Mauritania improves, its economy will remain fragile. External deficit management dominates the public investment horizon. The IMF stressed the need for banking and exchange rate reform, and improved governance.
As of , the development of Mauritania's one billion barrels of proved petroleum reserves held promise for the economy. The government emphasized the reduction of poverty, improvement of health and education, and privatization of the economy as policy priorities. The National Social Security Fund administers family allowances, industrial accident benefits, insurance against occupational diseases, and old age pensions.
Employed women are entitled to a cash maternity benefit and payable up to 14 weeks. Workers and their families who are covered under the labor code are entitled to medical benefits. There is also a family allowance and a birth grant. Opportunities for Mauritanian women are severely limited by social and cultural factors. Although they have the right to vote, women face considerable legal discrimination. According to Shariah law, the testimony in court of two women equals that of one man.
The law mandates equal pay for equal work, and in the public sector, this law is respected and applied. Most young girls undergo female genital mutilation by the age of six months, although the incidence is decreasing among the urban population. Education is not compulsory and dire financial circumstances force many children to work.
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Laws prohibiting child labor are rarely enforced. Slavery was abolished many times in Mauritania, the most recent law having been passed in Despite this, as of there are still slaves in the rural areas where a barter economy thrives. Some human rights abuses are reported including the use of excessive force to disperse demonstrators and inadequate prison conditions. Mauritania's public health system consists of administrative units and health facilities organized in pyramid style.
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Total health care expenditure was estimated at 4. In , there were an estimated 14 physicians, 62 nurses, 2 dentists, 4 pharmacists, and 10 midwives per , people. In the mids, there were approximately basic health units at the village level, about health posts, and some 50 health centers. The health system is mostly public, but liberalization of private practice in the past several years has led to marked increase in the number of practitioners in the private sector.
Mauritania's only major hospital is in Nouakchott. Private participation in the pharmaceutical sector has increased since Public facilities receive stocks from the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs. Importation of narcotics is prohibited. The main health problems include malaria, tuberculosis, measles, dysentery, and influenza.
Guinea worm remains a major problem. Pregnancy complications are common due to unhygienic conditions and lack of medical care.
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In nondrought years, the staple diet of milk and millet is nutritionally adequate, if somewhat deficient in vitamin C. Forty-four percent of children under five were malnourished. The goiter rate was 31 per school-age children. The average life expectancy is among the lowest in the world — an estimated The fertility rate was 5.
As of , the crude birth rate and overall mortality rate were estimated at, respectively, The infant mortality rate was The maternal mortality rate was per , live births. Twenty-five percent of women underwent female genital mutilation and no specific law has been issued against it. Construction accounts for a small fraction of GDP. The chief construction company, the Building Society of Mauritania, is hampered by inadequate manpower and capitalization. To encourage housing development, the government introduced new regulations in to encourage builders and to compel civil servants to purchase their own property and thus relieve the demand for public housing.
The phenomenal growth of Nouakchott and the effects of rural migration, impelled by drought, have strained housing resources. Six years of basic education are compulsory. A three-year lower secondary college program offers general education. Following this stage, students may choose to attend a three-year senior secondary school lycee or a technical school program of three or five years.
The lycee programs offer specializations in arts and literature; natural sciences; mathematics, physics, and chemistry; or Koran Quran and Arabic studies. The academic year runs from October to June. In , secondary school enrollment was about It is estimated that about The student-teacher ratio for primary school was at about in ; the ratio for secondary school was about The University of Nouakchott, founded in , has a faculty of letters and human sciences and a faculty of law and economics.
The adult literacy rate for was estimated at about As of , public expenditure on education was estimated at 4. The National Library at Nouakchott 10, volumes and the National Archives 3, were both founded in The National Library is the depository for all the country's publications. There is a small library at the University of Nouakchott in the capital, as well as a French cultural center. The National Museum is also located in Nouakchott and has archaeology and ethnography collections.
There are several Arab libraries in the major towns. Many of Mauritania's post offices have telephone or telegraph services. There are direct telephone communications from Nouakchott to Paris. Administrative contact within the country is maintained by radiotelephone. Two earth-satellite stations came into service in — In , there were an estimated 14 mainline telephones for every 1, people.
The same year, there were approximately mobile phones in use for every 1, people. The government operates all national radio and television networks, broadcasting in French, Arabic, and several African languages. In there were 1 AM and 14 FM radio stations, with 1 television station reported in Residents with satellite receivers and dish antennas receive television broadcasts from France and other Arab countries. Telecasts are in French and Arabic. In , there were an estimated radios and 44 television sets for every 1, people.
The same year, there were In there were about 25 privately owned newspapers with a regular publication schedule, usually weekly. A government-operated daily, Ach Chabb, is published in French and Arabic. Horizon , another government daily, is published in French. The constitution provides for freedom of speech and the press; however, by law copies of every newspaper must be submitted to the Ministries of Interior and Justice for approval before distribution.
Several sports associations are active within the country. The Lion's Club has active programs. The World Conservation Union has an office within the country. The Red Crescent Society and Caritas are active as well. Tourists are attracted to Atar, the ancient capital of the Almoravid kingdom, and Chinguetti, with houses and mosques dating back to the 13th century. Popular sports are rugby, surf fishing, tennis, football soccer , basketball, and swimming.
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There are few facilities for tourists, except in the capital, and travel is difficult outside of Nouakchott. Most visitors need a valid passport and visa; the visa requirement is waived for French and Italian nationals. A certificate of vaccination against yellow fever may be required if traveling from an infected area. Precautions against typhoid are recommended. His lieutenant and cousin, Yusuf ibn Tashfin , conquered Morocco in and most of Spain in The best-known contemporary Mauritanian is Moktar Ould Daddah — , president from until ; after being ousted, he was eventually allowed to go to France.
Khouna Ould Haydalla b. Spanish Sahara, became prime minister and chief of staff of the armed forces in and assumed the presidency in Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed Taya b. Ely Ould Mohamed Vall c.
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New York : Harlem Rivers Press, Handloff, Robert E. Mauritania, a Country Study. Washington, D. Pazzanita, Anthony G. Historical Dictionary of Mauritania. Lanham, Md. Robinson, David. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, Zeilig, Leo and David Seddon. A Political and Economic Dictionary of Africa. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography.
October 16, Retrieved October 16, from Encyclopedia. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia. Islamic Republic of Mauritania. Supplemental material has been added to increase coverage of minor cities, facts have been updated, and some material has been condensed.