Easy dating Ahvaz Iran

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Nonetheless, a steel complex west of the town began operating in Print Cite.

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Facebook Twitter. Give Feedback External Websites. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article requires login. External Websites. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree See Article History. Britannica Quiz. Learn More in these related Britannica articles:. Genetic algorithms GA have some practical advantages.

First, the concept is very simple and easy to understand and it can be applied to many problems for which traditional mathematical programming techniques are intractable. Second, its searching strategy is very efficient and, according to the theory, it will finally find the global optimum solution. Chen and Chang did introduce a GA to solve a non-linear fuzzy multi-objective programming model, but they only considered Biologycal Oxygen Demand BOD and Dissolved Oxygen DO as water quality parameters and the water quality calculation was based on the Streeter-Phelps equation.

The first objective of this research was to develop a WQMM to achieve specific water quality goals Krenkel and Novotny, and the optimization of management projects costs. For the purpose of this study, nitrogen and phosphorus were included in the management model of this study as well as BOD and DO. With a management approach exact output from the mathematical water quality model can be used in this management model. From the application result, a regional water quality management plan would be designed to improve the river water quality.

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Among various sources of pollutants, the focus was placed on the pollutants from domestic, agricultural and industrial wastes, which are the most important factors in the river basin. This study has been done in Khuzestan province, south west of Iran Fig. A literature review was made through searching in books, journals and different papers.


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The samples were transferred to the laboratory and were prepared for analysis. The main reference for experimental issues was standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater.

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SPSS and Minitab software were used to perform a statistical analysis of the results. The management model was applied to the Karun and Dez rivers where water quality is so poor that a comprehensive countermeasure for water quality restoration is necessary. The Arc-view geographic information system GIS was used to estimate pollution loads for the river basin. At the end after developing a WQMM to achieve specific water quality goals Krenkel and Novotny, , introduction of management projects and their cost optimization have been done.

Alluvial deposits in Karun and Dez river system, and three other smaller rivers, have resulted in the formation of Khuzestan plain. The plain is very flat and the rivers are prone to regular flooding despite the fact that both Karun and Dez are regulated by a number of large hydro-electric dams.

The soil profile is very rich in salt deposits and groundwater is both shallow and highly saline Ghadiri, ; Ghassemi et al. From about 40km north of Ahvaz where the watertable is less than 1. As the groundwater table becomes even shallower further south, soil salinity is further widespread. Afkhami, The km distance between Ahvaz and Khoramshahr consists almost entirely of highly saline soils with heavy texture and high groundwater table of 0.

Groundwater hydrology of the Khuzestan plain also appears to have played a major part in land degradation during the great Persian Empire of 2 to 3 thousand years ago. Remnants of irrigation canals from that era can still be seen in regions around Ahvaz, an indication that the land was being used for agriculture but rising ground water and the salinization forced farmers to abandon the lands and move further north or towards Mesopotamia.

Now after more than years, the government of Iran is trying to leach the salt out of the soil profile and resurrect agricultural activities to these salt affected lower regions of the Khuzestan plain, a very costly exercise with a very doubtful outcome. Agriculture is by far the biggest consumer and polluter of the Karun river. Table 1 shows the current and predicted water consumption by the three main users of the Karun river.

In the Agricultural sector, the main contributors to the deterioration in water quality are large agro-business units in Dezful region, large scale government owned sugar cane plantations with their modern irrigation and drainage systems and private farms and fish farms established along the Karun and Dez river system itself.

By far the biggest single problem that the Karun river is facing is its rising level of salinity which is already above the drinking water limit WHO, for several months of the year for the two downstream cities of Abadan and Khoramshahr. Prior to growing sugar cane in these five new multi-million dollar projects, an elaborate and expensive drainage system has to be put in place and salt has to be washed down the soil profile and into the drainage system through the ponding technique.

Most water polluting industries of Iran such as the petroleum industry, gas and sugar refineries, petrochemical factories, paper mills, gas and petroleum based power plants, steel plants and other heavy industries are built in and around the provincial capital city of Ahvaz on the banks of the Karun river. As well as using Karun water for their needs, these industries release their sewage effluent directly into this river mostly without any treatment.

Further downstream of the river and near the twin port cities of Abadan and Khoramshahr, where the Karun joins the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers, large petrochemical plants, petroleum refinery, soap factory and many others further contribute to the degradation of water quality in the Karun.

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In total, more than million cubic meters of industrial sewage effluent directly enters into Karun river annually. The majority of Khuzestan's population of 4 million is directly dependent upon Karun for their drinking and sanitary water consumption. Municipal sewage from several large and small cities such as Ahvaz, Abadan, Khoramshahr, Dezful, Shoushtar, Mahshahr, and Masjed-Soleiman enters the river.

Table 2 shows the volume, flow rate and the salinity Electric Conductivity, EC of some of the sewage discharge entering Karun river in an untreated form from these municipalities. The border river of Arvand Rood, which is formed when the Karun and the two Iraqi rivers of Tigris and Euphrates join together, as well as being a major shipping waterway for both countries, irrigates the largest date palm plantation in the world. In recent years both Iran and Iraq have significantly increased water uptake from their respective rivers resulting in a decrease in the flow rate in Arvand Rood.

This has lead to an increase in the distance upstream that sea water is now capable of reaching during the high tides. During the drought years of sea water backed up to the main pumping stations of the city of Abadan severely contaminating its drinking water supply.

The date palm plantation industry has already been damaged by the steady rise in river salinity.

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Seawater intrusion, if it continues, will ultimately destroy both countries' multi-million dollar date export industry given time. QUAL2E was chosen as the water quality model for this study because it is a one dimensional steady state model and it is easily applicable to this type of management.

Modeling was performed from the Shahid Abasspoor and Dez Dams, which are located in the upper parts of the rivers, to the estuary bank as shown in Fig. The main river channel was divided into 5 reaches. Initially, the model was calibrated using the data set observed at the Karun river in from Karun river waterway project. Immediately after joining the effluent flow of the Karun Dez river. Likewise, the water quality data for stations observed on different sampling dates were also compared with the calculated values.

Data sets of the model for verification including point source pollutant loads and stream flow were prepared based on conditions in October till September Unfortunately, as a large volume of water is needed for agricultural use in some special months, thus, the fluctuation of the river water quality is very high, and it was difficult to use the observed data for that particular date for verification. Based on the unit load approach, pollution loads from point sources and non-point sources were estimated using the Arc-view GIS.

The pollutant removal rate of management projectswere taken into account when estimating the pollution loads from the WQMM with pollution loads of each reach calculated from delivery ratios the ratio of the mass of pollutants delivered to a stream divided by the mass of pollutants generated at the source Novotny and Olem, In this section, the proposed management options for water pollution control of the Karun-Dez basin are presented.

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These options have been identified and proposed through the cooperation of experts and the stakeholder organizations and agencies in the study area Fig. The proposed options, which should be implemented during a 10 years timeframe, have been categorized into three groups, namely direct, indirect, and supporting projects.

The general characteristics of these projects are presented below:. Direct projects are those which can directly improve the river water quality. The direct projects are classified into industrial, domestic, and agricultural sectors as follows:. As most of the industrial point loads are violating the wastewater discharge standards of Iranian Department of the Environment, point source reduction will have significant effect on the Karun river water quality.